-
What are the two basic divisions of the nervous system that communicate information back and forth to each other?
- Central Nervous System (CNS)
- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
-
What does the CNS consist of?
-
What does the PNS consist of?
-
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
-
Is the sensory division of the PNS efferent or afferent?
Afferent
-
Is the motor division of the PNS efferent or afferent?
Efferent
-
What are the two types of sensory input?
- Somatic sensory
- Visceral sensory
-
What are general somatic sensory inputs?
- Touch
- Pain
- Pressure
- Temperature
- Vibration
- Proprioception in skin, body wall, limbs
-
What are special somatic sensory inputs?
-
What are general visceral sensory inputs?
- Stretch
- Pain
- Temperature
- Chemical changes
- Irritation in the viscera
- Nausea and Hunger
-
What are special visceral sensory inputs?
-
What are the two types of motor motor outputs?
- Somatic motor
- Visceral motor
-
What kind of motor output is voluntary?
Somatic
-
What kind of motor output is involuntary?
Visceral
-
What is general somatic motor?
Motor innervation of all skeletal muscles
-
What is branchiomeric somatic motor?
Chewing muscles
-
What is general visceral motor?
- Motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
- Equivalent to autonomic nervous system (ANS)
-
What are the orientation vectors?
- Rostral
- Caudal
- Dorsal
- Ventral
-
What direction is rostral for quadriped vertebrates?
Towards the beak
-
What direction is caudal for quadriped vertebrates?
Towards the tail
-
What direction is dorsal for quadriped vertebrates?
Towards the back
-
What direction is ventral for quadriped vertebrates?
Towards the belly
-
What is the neuraxis like for quadriped vertebrates?
- Roughly parallel to the ground
- Consistent through the entire neuraxis
-
What is the neuraxis like for bipedal primates?
- Perpendicular to the ground
- But dorsal and ventral in the brain becaome rostral and caudal in the spinal cord
-
What kind of species have intermediate neuraxes that could make orientation vector terminology confusing?
Birds
-
What orientation vector terms are consistent in the human brain and spinal cord?
-
What orientation vector term is used for left and right?
Lateral
-
What orientation vector term is used for more in the middle of the body?
Medial
-
What orientation vector terms are used to mean toward and away from the head?
- Cranial: toward
- Caudal: away
-
What orientation vector terms for extremities are used to mean far and close to the middle of the body?
- Distal: farther
- Proximal: closer
-
What kind of plane cuts the brain dorsal/ventrally?
Horizontal plane
-
What kind of plane cuts the brain rostral/caudally?
Coronal plane
-
What kind of plane cuts the brain laterally?
Sagittal plane
-
What are the major subdivisions of the brain?
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
-
What is another name for the telencephalon?
Endbrain
-
What does the telencephalon consist of?
- Cerebrum
- Basal ganglia
- Hippocampus
-
What is another name for the diencephalon?
Interbrain
-
What does the diencephalon consist of?
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
-
What is the prosencephalon?
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
-
What is another name for the prosencephalon?
Forebrain
-
What is another name for the mesencephalon?
Midbrain
-
What does the mesencephalon consist of?
- Colliculi (hills)
- Tectum (roof)
- Tegmentum (covering)
-
What does the metencephalon consist of?
-
What does the myelencephalon consist of?
Medulla oblongata
-
What does the hindbrain consist of?
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
-
What does the brainstem consist of?
- Myelencephalon
- Pons
- Midbrain
-
What is CSF?
- Cerebral spinal fluid
- Cell-free ultra filtrate of blood formed by the choroid plexuses
-
What forms the CSF?
Choroid plexuses
-
Where are the choroid plexuses located?
In each ventricle of the brain
-
What are ventricles in the brain?
Continuous space
-
What are the 1st and 2nd ventricles of the brain? Where are they located?
- Lateral ventricles
- In the cerebral hemispheres
-
Where is the 3rd ventricle of the brain located?
In the diencephalon
-
What is the 3rd ventricle connected to? How?
- 4th ventricle
- Via the cerebral aquaduct
-
Where is the 4th ventricle located?
Between the pons & medulla oblongata
-
What is the 4th ventricle of the brain continuous with?
The central canal of the spinal cord
-
What is a gyrus?
Ridge/bump
-
What is a sulcus?
Furrow/groove
-
What is a fissure?
A deep sulcus
-
What is the circle of Willis?
An arterial anastomosis between the internal carotid and posterior cerebral arteries, and the anterior cerebral arteries
-
How are arterial aneurysms diagnosed?
From visual disturbances resulting from pressure on the optic chiasm/nerves
-
Where do 80% of arterial aneurysms occur?
At the circle of Willis
-
What kind of issue creates visual signs similar to arterial aneurysms, leading to early diagnosis?
Tumors or cysts on the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
-
What do you see if you pull the frontal lobe and temporal lobe apart at the lateral fissure?
Insular cortex
-
What do cortical areas do?
- Sensory and motor processing
- Cognitive functions
-
What is the homunculus?
Somatosensory and motor maps
-
Who was Wilder Penfield?
- 1891-1976
- Mapped the homunculus during surgeries for focal motor epilepsy
-
What is in the deep cerebrum?
The basal ganglia (nuclei)
-
What are the two parts of the corpus striatum?
- Caudate nucleus
- Lentiform nucleus
-
What is included in the basal ganglia?
- Corpus striatum
- Thalamus
- Fibers of corona radiata
- Internal capsule
-
What fibers come out of the corpus striatum?
Fibers of corona radiata
-
Which fibers run deep to lentiform nucleus?
Internal capsule
-
What happens when there is abnormal functioning of the basal ganglia?
- Several movement disorders
- Parkinson's disease
- Huntington's chorea
- Tic disorders (Tourette syndrom, OCD, etc.)
-
What are the two parts of the lentiform nucleus?
-
What is included in the epithalamus?
- Pineal gland
- Stria medullaris
- Habenula
-
What does the greek "epi" mean?
On or above
-
What does the greek "hypo" mean?
Under
-
What is the thalamus?
- Sensory and pre-motor relay nuclei
- Target of basal ganglia and descending cortical feedback
-
What does dura mater mean?
"Tough mother"
-
What are the 3 meningeal layers?
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid
- Pia mater
-
What does arachnoid mean?
Spiderweb-like
-
What does pia mater mean?
"Soft mother"
-
Describe the dura mater meningeal layer.
- Forms flat partitions
- Falx cerebri
- Tentorium cerebelli
-
What is the purpose of forming flat partitions in the dura mater?
- Provides stabilization and support for the brain
- Limits excessive movement
-
Where is the falx cerebri located?
Positioned in the central sulcus, between hemispheres
-
What does the tentorium cerebelli do?
Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
-
Describe the arachnoid meningeal layer.
- The arachnoid is not always observed as a discrete membrane
- Rather as the inner lining of the dura
- Does not extend down to the sulci
- The space beneath it is filled with CSF and criss-crossed with a spiderweb-like matrix of fine fibers that led to its name
-
Describe the pia mater meningeal layer.
- Delicate, highly vascularized membrane
- Clings tightly to brain over every sulcus and gyrus
- Hard to separate from the brain
-
What is subdural space?
- Potential space
- Between the dura mater and arachnoid
-
What is the subarachnoid space?
- Real space
- Filled with CSF
- Between the arachnoid and pia mater
-
What are 3 functions of the CSF?
- Buoyancy
- Cushion
- Communication (still doing research)
-
What does choroid plexus mean?
- Choroid- colored (b/c of the dark appearance)
- Plexus- network
- Network of colored capillaries
-
Where are choroid plexuses located?
In the roof of each ventricle
-
What does CSF move through to get from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
Interventricular foramen
-
What does CSF move through to get from the 3rd ventricle to the 4th?
Cerebral aqueduct
-
What does aperture mean?
It's like a window or opening
-
How does cerebral spinal fluid exit the 4th ventricle?
Through apertures
-
Where does CSF go onces it's reabsorbed?
Returns to venous blood
-
How oftend oes the circulation of CSF occur?
Replaced every 6-8 hours
-
How many choroid plexus exist in each ventricle?
One
-
What is the central canal?
Fluid-filled space connected to the cerebral ventricals
-
What is grey matter in the spinal cord?
Dominated by neuronal cell bodies and neuroglia cells
-
What does grey matter generally look like in spinal cords?
- "H" or "butterfly" shaped
- Horns- anterior (ventral), lateral, posterior (dorsal) (sensory & motor nuclei)
- Grey commissure- axons crossing from one side to other
-
What is white matter in the spinal cord?
- Large number of myelinated and unmyelinated axons
- Contain tracts: sensory or motor
- Columns
-
How is white matter arranged?
Arranged in columns of ascending and descending axons
-
What are tracts?
Axons in the same direction
-
What two parts of the spinal cord are thicker?
- Groups of neurons that innervate parts of the body that have more muscle activity?
- Ex. fingers and toes have more muslce movement than the stomach
-
What is the gross anatomy of the spinal cord like?
- Similar to the brain in terms of layers
- Has dorsal/ventral columns (white matter)
- Dorsal/ventral horns (grey matter)
- Spinal canal
- Spinal nerve- Dorsal root ganglia, ventral root, dorsal root
-
On what side does the spinal nerve send motor information?
Ventral
-
On what side does the spinal nerve send sensory information?
Dorsal
-
In what direction do sensory tracts go?
From sacral to cervical
-
In what direction do motor tracts go?
From trunk to extremity
|
|