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What are 4 types of Carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides 1 sugar unit
- Diasaccharides 2 sugar units
- Oligosaccharides 3-10 sugar units
- polysaccharides 10+ sugar units
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Example of Monosaccharides?
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
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Example of Disaccharides?
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Example of Oligosaccharides?
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Example of Polysaccharides?
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
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Polysaccharides consist of what kind of Bonds?
Alpha Bonds: Can be digested by human enzymes.
Beta Bonds: Can NOT be digested by human enzyme. (except Lactose)
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What are Alpha and Beta bond similarities?
- Are both Polysaccharides
- Consist of glucose as a building unit (monomer)
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What 2 monosaccharides create Sucrose (table Sugar)?
Glucose + Fructose
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What 2 monosaccharides create Lactose (Milk Sugar)?
Glucose + Galactose
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What 2 monosaccharides create Maltose (Malt Sugar)?
Glucose + Glucose
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What are three common Lipid Structures?
- Triglyceride
- Phospholipid
- Sterol
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What is the Function of Triglycerides?
- To Reserve energy
- 1 glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids
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What is the function of Phospholipids?
- Major component of the cell membrane
- 1 phosphate grp + 1 glycerol + 2 Fatty acids
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What is the function of Sterols?
- To create:
- bile
- Steroid hormone
- vitamin D
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What are the 4 levels of protein structure?
- Primary : chain
- Secondary : a-helix Spiral
- Tertiary : folding of the spiral
- Quaternary : 2 or more folding spirals start grouping together
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What are the 2 different types in secondary structure of protein?
A helix = 4 residues apart
b-pleated sheet = further apart
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What disease is associated with Lysosome Disorder?
Tay-Sachs Disease: Lysosomal enzymes are less effective than normal and fail to break down lipids.
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Function: Maintains boundary of cell and integrity of cell structure
Plasma membrane
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Function: DNA storage
Nucleus
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Function: rRNA synthesis
Nucleolus
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Function: Cell metabolism and storage (inside cell all over)
Cytosol
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Function:Protein Synthesis
RER = Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Function: Lipid Synthesis
SER: Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Function: Packaging and sorting proteins
Golgi-Apparatus
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Function: ATP synthesis
Mitochondria
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Function: Contains enzymes for breakdown of cellular and extracellular debris (cell recycling bin)
Lysosome
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Function: Breakdown of toxic substance, including hydrogen peroxide (cell trash can)
Peroxisome
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Function: Translate mRNA into protein
Ribosomes
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Function: Direction of mitotic spindle development during cell division
Centrioles
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Structure support of cell
Cytoskeleton
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What are 3 types of cell junctions?
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Where can tight junction be found and what protein is used?
Epithelial Tissues / Occludins
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Where can gap junction be found and what protein is used?
- Smooth muscle and heart muscle / Connexons
- Allow muscle cells to contract
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Where can desmosomes be found and what protein is used?
Tissues subject to mechanical stress ex: heart, uterus, and skin / Cadherin
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Cell Cycle
- Interphase (non-division,resting period)
- Mitosis (Cell division)
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Steps in Interphase
- G0 - Nothinng is happening
- G1 - Increase protein synthesis
- S - DNA duplication
- G2 - Rapid protein synthesis
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Steps in Mitosis
- Prophase : Chromosomes become visible
- Prometaphase : Nuclear envelope disappears;centrioles move to opposite ends of cell
- Metaphase: Chromosomes are aligned in the middle of cell
- Anaphase : chromatide pairs separate
- Telophase : New nuclear envelope develops
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What is the Difference between DNA & RNA?
Sugar : DNA (Deoxyribose) / RNA (Ribose)
Base: DNA (A_T, G_C) / RNA (A_U, G_C)
Strand: DNA (Double Strand) / RNA (Single Strand)
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What type of bond links DNA to amino acid
Phosphodiester bond
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Function: Duplicate more DNA for cell division
DNA replication
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Function: Process of changing from DNA to RNA
Transcription
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Function: Process of changing from RNA to Protien
Translation
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Funtion: Carrier of the coded info from DNA to the rest of the cells
messengerRNA (mRNA)
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Function: A major component in Ribosome for protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Function: Help transfer the amino acid to polypeptide chain during protein synthesis
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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What is the code for the start codon?
AUG - Methionine
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What are the three steps in translation?
- Initiation:Formation of mRNA, Ribosome, tRNA complex
- Elongation:joining of amino acids for polypeptide chain
- Termination:Dissemble of mRNA,Ribosome, tRNA complex
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What is the leader sequence?
Located at the beginning of the polypeptide chain. Determines the destination (address)
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Post translation modification refers to...
- Modification by
- Removal of the leader sequence (address)
- adding lipids and/or carbohydrate
- removing excess amino acids
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