TGWBiol Cards 101-200 G-P

When a physical barrier eg. a flood divides a population of a species, causing some individuals to become separated from the main population.

Gene therapy that involves altering the alleles in sex cells.

The fluid present in the nephrons of the kidney, following ultrafiltration of blood in the Bowman's capsule.

A bundle of capillaries looped inside the Bowman's capsule of a nephron. Where ultrafiltration takes place.

A hormone secreted by the pacreas that has an important role in raising blood glucose concentration.

The conversion of glycerol or amino acids to glucose, activated by glucagon.

The conversion of glucose to glycogen activated by insulin.

The conversion of glycogen to glucose, activated by glucagon.

The first stage of aerobic respiration where glucose is broken down into two triose sugars (Pyruvate).

The growth of a shoot away from the Earth's centre of gravity, or a root towards it.

The total amount of chemical energy converted from light energy by plants in a given area, in a given time.

The place where an organism lives within an ecosystem.

A mathematical model that predicts the frequencies of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in a population. It predicts that these frequencies are static, so long as certain conditions are met.

A mutation inherited from parents.

When an organism carries two different alleles at the same locus.

A protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin which makes up chromosomes.

The maintenance of a stable internal environment.

When an organism carries two copies of the same allele at the same locus.

• 1. A cell used in Recombinant DNA Technology.
• 2. A cell invaded by a virus.

An increase in the potential difference across a cell's membrane, making it more negative than the resting potential.

A part of the brain that is vital for homeostasis, it controls body temperature and monitors the water potential of the blood.

A specific testable statement, based on a theory, about what will happen in a test situation.

The variable you change in an experiment.

An auxin produced in the tips of roots and shoots of flowering plants.

A hormone secreted by the pancreas that has an important role in lowering blood glucose concentration.

Competition between organisms of different species for the same resources.

Competition between members of the same species for resources.

A section of DNA that doesn't code for amino acids.

When gene copies are made outside of an organism using PCR.

When gene copies are made within a living organism as it grows and divides.

• A type of pluripotent stem cell made in a lab by reprogramming a
• specialised adult body cell to express certain transcription factors.

Non directional (random) movement in response to a stimulus.

The third stage in aerobic respiration. It is a series of redox reactions that produces reduced coenzymes and ATP.

The process by which water soluble compounds in the soild are washed away or drained to the water table by rain water.

An enzyme that joins together the sticky ends of DNA fragments.

The first stage in photosynthesis. Light energy is absorbed by photosythetic pigments and used to generate ATP and reduced NADP.

The second stage of photosynthesis. Here ATP and reduced NADP from the light dependent reaction are used to make glucose from carbon dioxide.

The variable which is controlling the rate of reaction by its abundance.

The second stage of aerobic respiration where Pyruvate is converted into acetyl coenzyme A.

The position on a chromosome where a particular allele is found.

Part of the kidney nephron responsible for establishing the water potential gradient which allows water to reabsorbed by the kidney.

A tumour that invades and destroys surrounding tissues.

The range in which the true value of a measurement lies.

A gene that can be inserted into transformed cells in order to identify them.

A method used to estimate the population size of mobile organisms.

Sum of measured values divided by number of measurements taken.

A part of the brain that controls heart rate.

A growing region of a plant e.g. the roots and shoots which contain totipotent stem cells.

Adding a methyl group to something (e.g. DNA).

A glass slide with microscopic rows of different DNA probes attached to it in rows.

Small, single-stranded RNA molecules that can interfere with the translation of genes.

The inheritance of a single characteristic, controlled by different alleles. (pea colour, fruit fly wing shape).

Messenger RNA - a type of RNA that is the template for protein synthesis. It carries the genetic code from the DNA in the nucleus into the cytoplasm.

A stem cell only able to develop into a few types of somatic cell.

Something that increases the rate of DNA mutations.

Any change in the DNA base sequence.

The symbiosis between fungi and plants (in their roots).

A layer of schwann cells around a neurone that acts as an electrical insulator and speeds up the conduction of nervous impulses which sultate from gap-gap in the sheath.

A long cylindrical organelle within a muscle fibre that is specialised for contraction.

When muscle cells are able to contract without receiving signals from nerves (i.e. cardiomycetes).

The protein that makes up the thick myofilaments in myofibrils.

A coenzyme involved in photosynthesis. It transfer hydrogen from one molecule to another.

A coenzyme involved in photosynthesis. It transfers hydrogen from one molecule to another.

The process whereby an allele becomes common in a population because it codes for a characteristic (adaptation) that makes the organism more fecund.

An extra experiment set up to check that only the the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable. It is not expected to have any effect. (testing an enzyme controlled reaction with the enzyme in the presence of its substrate could be negatively controlled for by testing the same substrate in the presence of distilled water).

As a process proceeds it makes itself less likely to occur. This can be used to moderate the production of hormones (i.e. menstrual cycle).

One of the filtering units in the kidney responsible for removing waste products from the blood and involved in controlling the water potential of the blood.

The energy available to plants for growth and reproduction after respiratory loss has been deducted from GPP) and the total (hypothetical) energy available to primary consumers.

The energy available in a trophic level to the consumers on the next level up.

A specialised cholinergic synapse between a motor neurone and a muscle cell.

A chemical that transmits a nerve impulse across a synapse.

The role of a species within an ecosystem. What it eats, where and when it feeds, when it reproduces etc.

The process by which ammonia and ammonium ions in the soil are changed into nitrogen compounds by nitrifying bacteria.

The process by which nitrogen gas in the atmosphere is turned into nitrogen containing compounds such as ammonia.

Gaps between schwann cells in the mylienated sheath of neurones. The exposed areas of neurone is where depolarisation can take place.

A hypothesis that suggests there will be no difference. 'Adding sugar to the mixture will make no difference.'

A steroid hormone released by the ovaries that stimulates the uterus lining to thicken during the menstrual cycle.

A mutated proto-oncogene that stimulates cells to divide uncontrollably.

A cell in the hypothalamus which monitors the water potential of the blood.

The regulation of water potential in the blood.

A chemical reaction where a molecule loses electrons. There may have been the loss of hydrogen or the gain of oxygen also.

The final stage in aerobic respiration. Energy carried by electrons from reduced coenzymes is used to make ATP.

A type of receptor found in your skin which detects mechanical stimuli.

A sequence of DNA (or any code) that consists of anti-parallel base pairs. (Base pairs which read the same in opposite directions.)

A technique used to make millions of identical copies of a DNA fragment in a few hours.

The expression of the genetic constitution of an organism and its interaction with the environment.

The ratio of different phenotypes in the offspring of a genetic cross.

The process of adding phosphate groups to a molecule.

The process of turning an atom into an ion using photons of light.

Splitting molecules using photons of light.

The process of phosphorylating using light.

A receptor in the eye that detects light.

The growth of a plant in response to light.

The first species to colonise an area during succession.

The climax community where succession has been interrupted by human activities.

A small circular molecule of DNA in bacteria which is not part of the bacterial chromosome.

A cell that can develop into any type of cell except those of the placenta.

A polymer made up of many nucleotides.

All the organisms of one species in a habitat.

A graph showing the change in population size over time.