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List the 4 biomolecules.
Carbs, Lipids, Protein, nucleic acids
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What is the general structure for all carbs?
CH2O
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What weight of the cell do carbs compose?
2-3%
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What are the three classes of carbs?
Monosaccarides, Disaccarides, Polysaccarides
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Sugars are held together as dimers or polymers by...
alpha or beta glycosidic linkages
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Sucrose is composed of...and bound via
glucose and fructose, alpha linkage
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Lactose is composed of...and bound via...
glucose and lactose, beta linkage
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Lactose intolerance is cause by...
lack of lactase due to repression of mcm6 (lactase regulatory element) gene after weaning. Microbial metabolism creates symptoms.
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Lactose persistence is cause by...
mutation in Mcm6 allows for continued lactase production.
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Starch is found in ______ as ________ and ______ and has _______ linkage
Plants, amyose, amylopectin, alpha
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Glycogen is found in _______ . It is ________ every _______ sugars.
animals, branched, 10 sugars
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Cellulose is found in _______ has ________ linkage, requires ________ for metabolism.
plants, beta, cellulase
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Chitin is found in ________ has ______linkage, is digested by _________
hard shell animals, beta, chitinase
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Chitin is hard when ____ is added and causes _____ when _________.
Calcium carbonate, allergies when chitinase breaks down too much of it.
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Mucopolysaccarides are also called _______ and are made of ________ and _________. They are also very _________
glucosaminoglycans (GAG), amino sugar and uronic sugar OR galactose. Polar
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GAG sugar subunits can be _________ or _________ and __________ or ___________ or
N-acetylglucoseamine or N-acetylgalactosamine and glucouronic acid oriduronic acid or galactose
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Lipids are ________ and soluble in _________ and contain __________
non polar, ether (organic solvents), C, O, N, phosphorus
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Basic units of a lipid are...
alcohol and fatty acid
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What are the 4 groups of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steriods
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What are triglycerides?
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
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Basic structure of glycerol is...
3 carbon alcohol, 3 OH groups
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basic structure of a fatty acid is...
long hydroC chain with COOH at one end.
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Which end of a fatty acid is the Ω end, and which is the α end?
COOH is alpha
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How does one make a triglyceride?
link 3 fatty acids to glycerol via condensation rxn. IE the OH groups + the OH groups on the fatty acids → and ester bond R-O-R + H2O.
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What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?
saturated fats are saturated with Hydrogens.
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What is a phospholipid?
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate + variable group
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Which is more rare in nature, trans fat or cis fat?
trans. straight is hard to metabolize
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Which kind of cholesterol do trans fats raise? What does this put one at risk for?
increases LDL, risk of coronary heart disease.
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______is more common in ________ while _________is more common in __________.
phosphatidylcholine, humans, phosphatidiylethanolamine, bacteria
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Basic structure of a steroid...
core 4 ring body and a variable hydroC tail.
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What form of lipids store energy?
Triglycerides
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Name 6 biological functions of lipids and examples for them.
Stored energy(triglyc), Cell structure(membrane), protection(lipid cushions), Chemical regulators (steroid hormones), digestion (bile salts), Insulation
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What are lung surfactants for?
allows for easy expansion and contraction
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What is SDD or RDS?
- Surfactant dificency disorder, Respiratory distress syndrome
- When newborns have a difficency of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the hyaline membrane in the lungs fills the alveoli, the lungs collapse, and breathing goes to crap.
- Treat with inhailer or O2
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What is an L/S ratio? What levels are normal, and what is at risk?
lecithin sphingomyelin ratio in amniotic fluid. 2 is normal, less than 1.5 is at risk.
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Glycine is...
smallest AA, found in inner collagen helix
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Alanine is...
hydrophobic, membrane associated
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Tyrosine, Tryptophan, phenylalanine are...
involved in neurotransmitter creation, aromatic
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Lysine and arginine are...
positively charged groups, histone tables
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Glutamic acid, aspartic acid are...
negatively charged, important in early embryo brain development.
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Proline can...
bend and turn
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Cysteine forms...
disulfide bonds → Cystine
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Essential amino acids are...
Those that the body cannot synthesize.
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A polypeptide is _____ long.
3 - 50 AA
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What is the smallest protein?
Insulin - 51 AAs
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Alpha helix is held together by...
H bonds every 4th AA.
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Beta pleated sheet is held together by...
H bond between every 4th AA
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What is a motif? What is an example?
A supersecondary structure. zinc finger, commonly found in TFs.
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Describe Alzheimer Disease molecular pathology via APP
Amyloid Precursor protein is cleaved by the wrong secretase (beta instead of alpha) and leaves the cell where it polymerizes and forms plaues by interfereing with cell functions causing apoptosis of surrounding cells.
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Describe Alzheimer Disease molecular pathology via TP
Tau Protein is hyperphosphorylated and forms aggregates, leading to degeneration of axons.
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Describe the molecular pathology of Parkinson disease
alpha synuclein forms aggregates called Lewy Bodies which impair cell function and lead to neuron degradation.
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What are prions? Describe molecular pathology of prionic diseases.
small infectious proteins. creates plaques in the brain tissue. Normal Protein Prion-Cellular misfolds to Protein Prion-Scrapie. Aggregates form and interfere with cell functions.
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What are the biological functions of proteins?
Immediate energy, Structural (collagen most abundant), Transport, Protection, Membrane, Enzyme, !!Buffers!!
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What are the parts of a nucleotide?
Ribose, nitrogenous base, phosphate
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Which are the purine bases?
Adenosine and Guanine (2 rings)
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What are the pyrimidines?
Thymine, Uracil and Cystosine (1 ring)
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What are the functions of nucleic acids?
Genetic material, !!Enzyme!!, gene regulation
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Which carbons are the nitrogenous base, the reactive OH group, and phosphate group on?
NB - 1, OH -3, Phos - 5
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Describe A, B and Z form DNA
A, dehydrated, B normal, Z oppositely twisted
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Where do most TFs bind to on DNA?
The major groove.
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What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
DNA ↔ RNA → Protein
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Describe a bacterial genome.
circular, no protein associated, smaller than eukar,
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Describe a prokaryotic gene
operon, which consists of a operator, promotor, and structural genes. No introns, little noncoding DNA, fewer TFs.
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What is a promotor? Operator?
where sigma factor binds, where the repressor binds to.
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What is a polycistronic gene?
Only in prokaryotes, multiple genes on one mRNA transcript, transcribed all at once.
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Describe the human genome
6x10^9 bp. 46 homologus pairs, linear, lots of non-coding and transpositional genes. about 20,000 protein coding genes. Associated with histones
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