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Cooking measurements in order smallest to largest
- Teaspoon
- Tablespoon
- Cup
- Pint
- Quart
- Gallon
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Pints per quart
2 (4 cups)
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Quarts per gallon
4 (16 cups)
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Cups in a pint
2 (16 fluid ounces)
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Tablespoons per cup
16 tbsp (8 ounces)
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Fruit and vegetable grades graded by:
USDA
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#10 can
#/case and measurement/can
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Main contributor to meat color
Myoglobin --> mioglobin + oxygen -> red -> brown -> green
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Meat:
Inspection (mandatory) and grading (voluntary) is graded by:
USDA
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Internal temperatures for meat and fish
145*F
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Internal temperatures for ground meats
160*F
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Internal temperature for poultry
165*F
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Temperature for roasting
325*F
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Types of dry heat cooking
- Frying
- Broiling
- Roasting
- Grilling
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Types of moist heat cooking
- Braising
- Simmer
- Steam
- Stewing
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Tender cuts of meat
Loin, Sirloin
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What is candling:
Pass an egg in front of bright light to view contents -- grading of eggs.
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Creams in order based on most fat to least fat.
- Heavy or thick
- Medium
- Whipped cream
- Light or thin
- Sour cream
- Half and half
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Too much sugar in baked goods results in....
- coarse cells
- thick walls
- shiny crust
- crumbly product
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Excess mixing of quick breads can lead to....
- Loss of carbon dioxide - overdeveloped gluten
- Tunnels from top to bottom - tough, heavy product
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Starch is composed of what molecules
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Thickening ability of starches -- in order of effectiveness
- Potato
- Waxy corn
- Waxy rice
- Waxy sorghum
- Tapioca
- Wheat
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The 3 domains of learning and their definitions
- Cognitive - acquisition of knowledge or subject matter
- Affective -acquisition of attitudes and values (feels)
- Psychomotor - acquisition of muscular skills (exercise, food prep)
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Behavior modification methods
- Positive reinforcement
- Avoidance learning
- Extinction (ignore)
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Communication principles:
- Motivation
- Involve learner
- Establish rapport
- Listening responses
- Ability to empathize
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Listening response:
Clarification definition
Pose a question after an ambiguous client message; used to make previous message explicit
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Listening response:
Active or reflective listening definition
Paraphrase or repeat back what was just said
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Method of communication that is more formal and authoritative
written communication
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Define gelatinization
the swelling that occurs when starch is heated in water close to the boiling point
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What is a roux
half fat, half flower -- white sauce
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Name the different crystal inhibitors during crystalization
- Acid - cream of tarter, vinegar
- Fat - chocolate, milk
- Protein - milk, egg whites, gelatin
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What is overrun measuring
The weight in ice cream due to an increase in volume from freezing and whipping
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Not adding enough fat in ice cream creates...
a grainy ice cream with large crystals
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What decaffeinates coffee
Methylene chloride
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Temperature to brew coffee:
- 185*F - 203*F
- if brewed at a higher temperature, tannin is extracted and coffee is bitter
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What company controls food additives
FDA
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What is proprionate
Preservative; mold inhibitor
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The conventional foods: grape juice and red wine have what beneficial compound
Resveratrol
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The conventional food: fatty fish has what beneficial compound
Omega 3 fatty acids which reduce TG levels
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The conventional food: tomatoes has what beneficial compound
Lycopene
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The modified food: such as fermented dairy products have what beneficial compound
Probiotics
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Fortified margarines (modified food) contains what beneficial compound
Plant sterols and stanol esters
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What are thiols
Sulfur containing phytochemicals
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What foods are thiols founds
Garlic, onions, and cruciferous vegetables (broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower...)
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Thiols play a role in...
Detoxification of carcinogens (a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue)
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What is food synergy?
The additive influence of foods and constituents which, when eaten, have a beneficial effects on health
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Distance for personal zone
18" - 4'
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Develop goals and objective based on...
assessment of client knowledge
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Keep reading level materials on what grade level
- 8th - general population
- 6th - lower literacy
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What is the SMOG index?
- procedure for determining readability -- finds the average # of polysyllabic words
- gives grade level
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Why is gelatin an incomplete protein?
- No tryptophan
- Low in methionine and lysine
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Define nutritional informatics
- Intersection between nutrition, information and technology
- Use of technology in spreading information
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What is synergy and why is it important
- conclusion of a group
- the groups product (decision) is superior to what the most resourceful individual within the group could have produced by working alone
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Formative evaluation --
- made during course of education
- frequent feedback
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Summative evaluation --
- designed at planning stage but conducted at the end.
- post-test
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Steps for interviewing
- Preparation
- Build rapport
- Collect data
- Closing
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Types of formal evaluation strategies:
- Objective test: right or wrong
- - not well-suited for clinic or communication setting
- Performance test: asked to complete task based on learning objectives
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Informal evaluation strategies --
unstructured observation of food selection and behaviors
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Nonverbal communications
- Kinesics: physical communication
- - arms folded, eye contact
- Paralinguistic: how client's message is delivered
- - hesitations, whispering
- Proxemics: personal space
- - moves away, sets behind an object
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How to deal with negative non-verbal communication
confront behavior
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Counselor's response to client: "If you eat too much ice cream, I suggest you stop buying it."
Evaluation
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Counselor's resonse to client: "Maybe you are not losing weight because you are not trying hard enough."
Hostile
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Counselor's resone to client: "Don't worry about making changes.. it just takes time."
Reassuring
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Counselor's responses to client: "Can you tell me about that?"
Probing
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Counselor's response to client: "You seem to be saying that you are feeling..."
Understanding
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Goal for motivational interviewing
increase motivation so that clients are able to express the rationale for the changes that need to be made.
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What is OARS used for and its acronym stands for
- Motivational Interviewing
- Open-ended questions
- Affirmations
- Reflective listening
- Summaries
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What does the stages of change model determine
client current stage of change
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Steps in research
- Identify a releant and important topic -- other research
- Develop well-considered research question (who, what, how)
- Research question leads to a hypothesis
- Prepare research protocol-- methodology to solve the problem
- Organize methods and materials
- Collect and analyze data
- Study results and make decisions
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What does a well-developed research question consist of
- (who, what, how)
- Clear, simple statement in a few words, in a complete grammatical statement
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Research report:
Condensation of final report --
- What all does this section contain?
- Abstract
- Purpose of the study, question asked, scope and method, summary of conclusions
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Research report:
Specific lab, clinical, objective or subjective findings
Results
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Research report:
Interpretation of results, comparison with other studies
Discussion
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Research report:
How the information might be applied in practice
Implications
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Descriptive research --
- Describes state of nature at a point in time
- Generates hypothesis regarding determinants of a condition or disease
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Types of descriptive research
- Qualitative research
- Case report, case study
- Survey
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Define survey
Research designed to describe and quantify characteristics of a defined population; defined time frame; pinpoints problems
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Define analytical research
Tests hypothesis concerning the effects of specific factors of interest and allows casual associations to be determined (can prove cause and effect)
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Types of analytical research
- Experimental model
- Quasi - experimental design
- Cohort studies
- Case control studies
- Cross-sectional studies
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Experimental model uses....
Experimental or control groups
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Quasi-experimental design uses...
- No control group
- Time series - before the program begins and after the program ends
- Noteworthy change
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Define cohort
a group whose members have something in common
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Cohort of healthy people...
followed through time to see if they develop a specific disease
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Cohort studies are sometimes called...
incidence studies tracking the frequency of new cases (newly diagnosed) of a disease
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Cross-sectional studies are sometimes called...
Prevalence study - all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people in a specific time
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Research with one time data collection
Cross-sectional studies
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Define relevance or validity
ability to measure phenomenon it intends to measure
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Internal validity --
test whether the difference between the two groups is real (has the experimental group really performed differently)
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External validity --
tests whether or not a generalization can be made from the study to a larger population
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Analysis of variance tool
- ANOVA - tool used to evaluate validity
- Used when several products compete against each other
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Reliability --
consistency or reproducible of test results
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Research:
Sensitivity --
proportion of afflicted individuals who test positive
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Nominal variables --
- variables that fit into a category with no special order
- (gender, race, marital status, present or absent)
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Rank order variables --
- (ordinal scale)
- observations compared with each other and put in order (best to worst, 1-4)
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Dependent variables are...
outcomes
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Independent variables are...
what you manipulate in your study
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Independent vs. Dependent
Treatments for diseases are...
- Independent variables
- (you can change the treatment to affect the disease)
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Independent vs. Dependent
- Effect cholesterol levels (____) have on heart attacts (____)
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Research:
Measures of dispersion --
how values are distributed about the mean
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Standard deviation--
indicates degree of dispersion about the mean value of a distribution
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About ______ of all observations in a normal distribution lie within 1 standard deviation of the mean
2/3 (68%)
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Distance between the mean and the point of infection on either side is...
equal to the standard deviation
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- 1) Slope (mean)
- 2) Point of inflection
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Perfect positive correlation:
+1.0 (upwards to right)
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Perfect negative correlation:
-1.0 (upwards to left)
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*Above 1 correlation coefficient is a ____ valid result
NOT
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# for significant difference, results are reliable
P ≤ 0.05
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