A process where a previously insignificant stimulus acquires the property of a significant one. A new learnt behaviour is acquired as a result of the association between the stimulation and the response to it. Often involves innate or autonomic responses.
Generalisation (classical conditioning)
May show the same response to similar stimulus e.g. white rat- anything white and fluffy.
Discrimination (classical conditioning)
Can learn to differentiate between two similar, but different types of stimulus. E.g. White rat and black rat.
Incubation (classical conditioning)
Can heighten the learned response by just showing the neutral stimulus and not the conditioned stimulus. e.g. loud bang without rat. When next see rat, response will be worse.
Extinction (classical conditioning)
Eventually the conditioned response will fade if only the conditioned stimulus is presented without the expected reward e.g. fear.
Spontaneous recovery (classical conditioning).
Conditioned response can return at any time. E.g. may recover from fear of rats, but may see a rat in future and experience conditioned response.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
If an action is followed by a reward then the action will be strengthened.
Reinforcer (operant conditioning)
Something which increases the desired behaviour.
Aversive conditioning
Learning as a result of unpleasant conditioning.
Positive punishment
An undesired behaviour leads to an unpleasant consequence.
Negative punishment.
An undesired behaviour leads to removal of a pleasant stimulus.
Escape conditioning
Trained to perform an action to end an aversive stimulus.
Avoidance conditioning.
Avoiding an aversive stimulus to avoid negative consequences.
Declaration of Geneva
Intended as a revision of the Hippocratic oath. Introduced following crimes committed in Nazi Germany.
Declaration of Helsinki
Statement of ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
Declaration of Tokyo
Doctors should refuse to participate in, condone or give permission for torture, degradation or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.
Declaration of Malta
Offers guidance to doctors treating patients on a hunger striker
Declaration of Lisbon
International statement of the rights of patients.
Declaration of Ottawa
Sets out the principles necessary for optimal child health.