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If you have an obstruction in the Afferent Arteriole what structures woud it affect?
Glomerulus
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What's between the proximal and distal convoluted tubule?
Loop of Henle
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How does urine drain from nephron to the calyx?
Collecting Ducts
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The histology of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with many microvilli.
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What is the Vasa Recta?
Specialized parts of peritubular capillaries that course into medulla along with loops of Henle, then back toward cortex.
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The renal artery of the kidney?
Abdominal Aorta.
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The segmental artery of the kidney?
Renal Artery.
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The interlobular artery of the kidney?
Renal Columns & Renal Cortex
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The arcuate artery of the kidney?
Bases of the Pyramids
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What is renal fraction?
Cardiac output that flows through the kidneys.
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How is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measured?
Per minute
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Does GFR increase or decrease when the afferent arteriole is dilated?
Increase
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What happens to the afferent arteriole when blood pressure rises?
constrict
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Which vessels give rise to the peritubular capillaries?
Efferent arterioles
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When substances are transported into the filtrate is called?
Secretion
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What is the site of glucose and amino acid re-absorption?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
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What happens when ADH falls?
Urine volume increases
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Tubular secretion is going to occur in which tubule/structure?
Distal Convoluted Tubule
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Where does ADH act?
Distal Convoluted Tubule & Collecting Duct
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What does diabetes insipidus do?
Decrease ADH
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What structure produces renin?
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus: includes following...
- Macula Densa: from distal tubule
- Juxtaglomerular Cells: surrounding the afferent arteriole.
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Muscle responsible for bladder contraction?
Detrusor
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When you have increase osmolality of blood?
ADH and thirst stimulation
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When is ANH produced?
When blood pressure rises.
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Do increased potassium (K) increase aldosterone?
Yes
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When is PTH secreted?
When calcium levels are low.
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Nephron
Basic structural and functional unit of kidneys.
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What are the capillaries called that are in Bowman's Space?
Glomeruli
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What are the opening between the endothelium cells called in the glomeruli?
Fenestrae
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Does excess magnesium get secreted in feces?
No. It gets excreted in urine through the kidneys.
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Excess magnesium is excreted through?
Kidneys.
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Does PTH also increase phophate secretion?
Yes
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What happens in the kidneys if the blood is too low (acid)?
Excrete H and reabsorb HCO3.
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If the pH is elevated?
Less HC03 will be reabsorbed.
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Hypoventilation
Increase CO2
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What happens to H ion secretion when we increase aldosterone secretion?
Also increases.
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What happens when you have inadequate ventilation?
Respiratory Acidosis
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Hyperventilation?
Respiratory Alkalosis
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Diabetes Mellitus leads to what?
Metabolic Acidosis
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Severe Vomiting
Metabolic Alkalosis
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What is the most prevalent intercellular cation?
Potassium (K)
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What is the most prevalent extracellular cation?
Sodium (Na)
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What's the thick fibrous tissue that surrounds the testis?
Tunica albuginea
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Gubernaculum testis
Fibromuscular band of tissue that helps pull down the testis towards the scrotum.
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Cryptorganism
Undescended Testis
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatid to spermatozoa
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What is the function of Sustentacular cells?
Nourish sperm cells and form a blood-testis barrier and produce hormones (sertoli cells/nurse cells).
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Spermatids are a produces of what?
Meiosis 2
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Secondary spermatocytes are a product of what?
Meiosis 1
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Is the Epididymis a site for sperm production?
No. It is a site of sperm maturation.
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The seminal vesicle produces what percent of semen?
60
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Is secretion of the bulbourethral gland acidic or basic?
Basic (alkalotic)
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Is emission the same as ejaculation?
No.
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Does FSH cause testosterone production?
No. It causes spermatogenesis.
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What are the effects of testosterone?
Causes enlargement and differentiation of male genitals and reproductive duct system, necessary for sperm cell formation, required for descent of testis, hair growth on certain parts of the body, skin is rougher and coarser, quantity of melanin increases, increases rate of secretion of sebaceous glands, hypertrophy of larynx, increases metabolic rate, increases red blood cell count, increases protein synthesis, rapid bone growth, causes closure of epiphyseal plates.
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Which hormone is necessary for erection?
Testosterone: required to initiate and maintain.
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What is the process that converts spermatids to spermatozoa?
The last stage of Spermiogenesis.
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What are the contents of the spermatic cord?
Ductus, testicular artery and venous plexus, lymphatic vessels, and nerves.
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The ovaries and the uterus are held together by what?
Ligaments.
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What are the structures of the ovaries?
Cortex, medulla, tunica albuginea, and stroma.
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Where is the Mesosalpinx located?
Between Fallopian tube and broad ligament.
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From the 2 million primary oocytes at birth. How many are ovulated throughout life time?
400
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What's the myometrium's only function?
Push out fetus.
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Which layer of uterus is shed every month?
Stratum functionalis.
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What does the griffin follicle become after ovulation?
Corpus luteum
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Is an orgasm needed for pregnancy?
No.
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What are the symptoms of menopause?
- Hot flashes
- Irritability
- Night sweats
- Fatigue
- Anxiety
- Occasionally severe emotional disturbances.
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What is the structure that plants on the uterine wall on day 6?
Blastocyst
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What makes up the adrenal medulla and what kind of cell?
Neural crest
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Which structure give rise to forgut and gut?
Yolk sac
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Which structure give rise to urinary bladder?
Allantois
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What kind of cell do muscles develop from?
Myoblasts
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When do you know when the conceptus is called an embryo?
When the three germ layers are formed.
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What's the name of the hair that covers the fetus?
Lanugo
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What has to close at birth to separate the atrias?
Foramen ovale
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What is the P in the APGAR score?
P=Pulse
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What's the layer of the uterine wall shed every month?
Stratum functionalis
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What is an episiotomy?
Cutting or incision of perineum (vagina to anus).
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Which hormone is produced during lactation by anterior pituitary?
Prolactin
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What is the renal hilum?
The space where the arteries, veins, nerves enter and exit the kidney.
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What do fenestrae relate to in kidney?
Openings between endothelium cells and capillaries.
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Which structure lies between the afferent and efferent arterioles?
Macula Densa
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How is ANH going to act on the DCT and Collecting duct?
It will remove sodium and water and decrease pressure.
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Gubernacular cells
Create blood testis bayer
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Interstitular cells
Produce testosterome
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What is the ejaculatory duct formed by which two structures?
Seminal vesicles and ductus deferens
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What surrounds the penile urethra?
Corpus spongiosum
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What do the medulla of the ovaries contained?
Blood vessels
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What is the function of the fimbrae?
Catch egg
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