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Coccygeous
- Prox attachment: sacrum and coccyx
- Dist attachment: ischial spine
- Actions: support pelvic organs; maintain urinary and fecal continence
- Innervation: Branches from S3-5 ventral rami
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Levator ani
- 3 parts
- Pubococcygeus
- Iliococcygeus
- Puborectalis
- Anterior attachment: pubis and tendinous arch on obturator internus, ischial spine
- Posterior attachment: coccyx, contralateral levator ani, ligamentous midline structures
- Actions: support pelvic organs, maintain urinary and fecal continence
- Innervation: branches from S3-5 ventral rami
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Gluteus maximus
- Prox attachment: sacrum, ilium, sacrotuberous lig
- Dist attachment: iliotibial band, gluteal tuberosity of femur
- Actions: extend thigh; laterally rotate thigh
- Innervation: Inferior gluteal n (L5-S2)
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Gluteus Medius
- Prox attachment: ilium
- Dist attachment: greater trochanter of femur
- Actions: abduct thigh, medially rotate thigh
- Innervation: Superior gluteal n (L5-S1)
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Gluteus Minimus
- Prox attachment: ilium
- Dist attachment: greater trochanter of femur
- Actions: abduct thigh, medially rotate thigh
- Innervation: Superior gluteal n (L5-S1)
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Tensor Fasciae Latae
- Prox attachment: ASIS and iliac crest
- Dist attachment: IT band
- Actions: abduct thigh, medially rotate thigh, flex thigh
- Innervation: Superior gluteal n (L4-S2)
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Hamstrings
- Prox attachment: ischial tuberosity or femoral shaft (short head of BF)
- Dist attachment: tibia (SM, ST) and fibula (BF)
- Actions: extend thigh (except short head of BF), flex leg, medially rotate knee (ST and SM), laterally rotate knee (BF)
- Innervation: Sciatic n (L5-S2)
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Adductor longus and brevis
- Prox attachment: body of pubis
- Dist attachment: linea aspera of femur
- Actions: adduct thigh, flex thigh
- Innervation: Obturator n (L2-4)
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Adductor magnus (adductor portion)
- Prox attachment: ischiopubic ramus
- Dist attachment: linea aspera of femur
- Actions: adduct thing, flex thigh
- Innervation: Sciatic and obturator n (L2-4)
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Adductor magnus (hamstring portion)
- Prox attachment: ischial tuberosity
- Dist attachment: adductor tubercle of femur
- Actions: adduct thigh, extend thigh
- Innervation: Sciatic and obturator (L2-4)
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Gracilis
- Prox attachment: pubis
- Dist attachment: medial proximal tibia
- Actions: adduct thigh, flex thigh, flex leg, medially rotate leg
- Innervation: Obturator n (L2-3)
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Obturator externus
- Prox attachment: obturator foramen margin
- Dist attachment: trochanteric fossa of femur
- Actions: laterally rotate thigh, adduct thigh
- Innervation: Obturator n (L3-4)
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Pectinous
- Prox attachment: superior pubic ramus
- Dist attachment: posterior femur distal to lesser trochanter (pectineal line)
- Actions: adduct thigh, flex thigh
- Innervation: Femoral n (L2-3)
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Iliopsoas
- Prox attachment: iliac fossa (Iliacus), transverse process of lumbar vertebrae (Psoas major)
- Dist attachment: lesser trochanter of femur
- Actions: flex thigh
- Innervation: Femoral n (L1-3)
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Sartorius
- Prox attachment: ASIS
- Dist attachment: Proximal medial surface of tibia
- Actions: flex thigh, abduct thigh, laterally rotate thigh, flex leg, medially rotate leg
- Innervation: Femoral n (L2-3)
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Quadriceps femoris
- Prox attachment: AIIS (rectus femoris); shaft of femur (vasti)
- Dist attachment: tibial tuberosity via patellar lig
- Actions: extend leg, flex thigh (rectus femoris only)
- Innervation: femoral n (L2-4)
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Triceps surae & Plantaris
- Gastrocnemius, Soleus, and Planters
- Prox attachment: distal femur (gastrocnemius and plantaris); tibia and fibula (Soleus)
- Dist attachment: cancaneal tuberosity via cancaneal tendon
- Actions: plantar flex ankle, flex leg (gastroc only)
- Innervation: Tibial n (S1-2)
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Popliteus
- Prox attachment: lateral femoral condyle and lateral meniscus of knee
- Dist attachment: posterior proximal tibia
- Actions: lateral rotation of femur on tibia, medial rotation of tibia on femur
- Innervation: Tibial n (L4-S3)
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Flexor hallucis longus
- Prox attachment: fibula
- Dist attachment: distal phalanx l
- Actions: flex joints of digit l, weakly plantar flex foot
- Innervation: Tibial n (S2-S3)
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Flexor digitorum longus
- Prox attachment: tibia
- Dist attachment: distal phalanges ll-V
- Actions: flex joints of digits ll-V, weakly plantar flex foot
- Innervation: Tibial n (S1-S3)
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Tibialis posterior
- Prox attachment: posterior tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: tarsals and bases of metatarsals ll-lV
- Actions: plantarflex foot, invert foot
- Innervation: Tibial n (L4-L5)
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Fibularis Longus
- Prox attachment: shaft of fibula
- Dist attachment: plantar surface of 1st metatarsal base and tarsal
- Actions: evert foot, weakly plantarflex foot
- Innervation: Superficial fibular n (L5-S2)
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Fibular Brevis
- Prox attachment: shaft of fibula
- Dist attachment: base of 5th metatarsal
- Actions: evert foot, weakly plantarflex foot
- Innervation: Superficial fibular n (L5-S2)
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Extensor hallucis longus
- Prox attachment: anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: distal phalanx l
- Actions: extend joints of digit l, dorsiflex foot
- Innervation: Deep fibular n (L5-S1)
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Extensor digitorum longus
- Prox attachment: anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: distal phalanges ll-V
- Actions: extend joints of digits ll-V, dorsiflex foot
- Innervation: Deep fibular n (L5-S1)
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Fibularis Tertius
- Prox attachment: anterior fibula and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal
- Actions: dorsiflex foot, evert foot
- Innervation: Deep fibular n (L5-S1)
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Tibialis Anterior
- Prox attachment: anterior tibia and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: plantar surface of base of 1st metatarsal and tarsal
- Actions: dorsiflex foot, invert foot
- Innervation: Deep fibular n (L4-5)
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Extensor hallucis brevis
- Prox attachment: calcaneus
- Dist attachment: proximal phalanx l
- Actions: extend MTP joint of digit l
- Innervation: deep fibular n (L5-S1)
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Extensor digitorum brevis
- Prox attachment: calcaneus
- Dist attachment: middle phalanges ll-lV
- Actions: extend MTP and PIP joints of digits ll-lV
- Innervation: deep fibular n (S1-2)
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Hallucal muscles
- Abductor hallucis
- Flexor hallucis brevis
- Adductor hallucis
- Dist attachment: proximal phalanx of digit l
- Innervation: medial plantar n (S2-S3; abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis); lateral plantar n (S2-3; adductor hallucis)
- *Plantar nerves are branches of the tibial nerve
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Digiti Minimi muscles
- Abductor digiti minimi
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- Dist attachment: prox phalanx of digit V
- Innervation: lateral plantar n (S2-3)
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Flexor digitorum brevis
- Prox attachment: calcaneus
- Dist attachment: middle phalanges ll-V
- Innervation: medial plantar n (S2-3)
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Quadrates plantae
- Prox attachment: calcaneus
- Dist attachment: tendon of flexor digitorum longus
- Actions: assists FDL in flexion of digits
- Innervation: lateral plantar n (S2-3)
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Lumbricals
- Prox attachment: FDL tendons
- Dist attachment: extensor expansions ll-V
- Actions: flex MTP joints while extending PIP and DIP joints
- Innervation: Medial plantar n (S2-S3; 1st lumbrical), lateral plantar n (S2-3; lateral 3 lumbricals)
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Interossei
- 3 plantar, 4 dorsal
- PAD, DAB
- Actions: abduct digits ll-lV (dorsal), adduct digits lll-V (plantar)
- Innervation: lateral plantar n (S2-3)
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Piriformis
- Prox attachment: anterior sacrum and sacrotuberous ligament
- Dist attachment: greater trochanter
- Actions: Laterally rotate thigh, abduct thigh when flexed
- Innervation: N. to piriformis (L5-S2)
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Superior Gemellus
- Prox attachment: ischial spine
- Dist attachment: greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa)
- Actions: laterally rotate thigh; abduct thigh when flexed
- Innervation: N. to obturator internus (L5-S1)
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Obturator Internus
- Prox attachment: internal surface of obturator membrane and margin of foramen
- Dist attachment: greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa)
- Actions: laterally rotate thigh; abduct thigh when flexed
- Innervation: N. to obturator internus (L5-S1)
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Inferior Gemellus
- Prox attachment: ischial tuberosity
- Dist attachment: greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa)
- Actions: laterally rotate thigh; abduct thigh when flexed
- Innervation: N. to quadratus femoris (L5-S1)
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Quadratus Femoris
- Prox attachment: ischial tuberosity
- Dist attachment: intertrochanteric crest
- Actions: laterally rotate thigh
- Innervation: N. to quadratus femoris(L5-S1)
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