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what is the basic unit of life

composed of many cells types

group of similar cells that perform a common function

combo of 2 or more different tissues performing a common function

made up of groups of related organs; perform specific functions in the body

together the organ systems maintain_______ an internal environment for cells that only vaires within certain limits; internal balance in body

1 humans are highly organized
2 humans reproduce, grow and develop
3 humans have a cultural heritage
4 humans are a product of an evolutionary process
5 humans are members of the biosphere

to produce a new individual of the same kind

a process of change that has resulted in the diversity of life

1 aminalia
2 plantea
3 fungi
4 protista

an animal with a vertical column

a living newtwork that spans the surface of the earth, atmosphere, soils, and seas

characterized by enrergy flow and chemical cycling

take in preformed food ex humans

produce their own food ex plants

microorganisms that break down organic matter (waste and dead organisims)

ecosystems cannot function properly unless they remain biologicaly diverse
True False

the death of a species or larger taxonomic group

testable statement that is formulated from the observations made

hypothesis can never be proven true, but they can be proven untrue
True False

steps of scientific method

goes through all steps of an experiment, except for what is being tested

the application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose

all matter is composed of basic substances called

naturally occuring elements

90% of the body is composed of just 4 elements

the smallest unit of an element that still retains the physical and chemical properties of an element

protons and neutrons are located in the

subatomic particles that carry a positive charge

subatomic particles that carry no charge

subatomic particles that carry a negative charge

the number of PROTONS an atom contains

the number of PROTONS plus the number of NEUTRONS an atom has

the same type of atom that differs in the number of neutrons and therefore the atomic mass

radioactive isotopes are used for medicine
radioactive isotopes behave the same as stable
radioactive isotoped detect molecullar changes

radioactive substances harm cells, damage DNA, and cause cancer
radiation used to sterilizing medical equipment

atoms bonded with each other to form a chemical uit

particles that carry either a positive or negative charge, bonds between opposite charges

attraction between oppositely charged ions resulting in the giving or recieving of an electron

atoms share electrons instead of gaining or losing them

water is the most abundant molecule in living organisms making up about 60-70% of the total body weight
True False

water molecules have polarity- positive and negative ends; O is more negative and H is more positive
True False

occurs when covalently bonded H is positive and attracted to a negative charged atom

molecules that interact with water- love water

molecules that do not interact with water- fear water

1 water is a liquid at room temperature
2 water is a solvent for polar molecules and thereby facillitates chemical reactions
3 water molecules are cohesive and liquids fill vessels
4 the tempwearture of water is rises and falls slowly preventing drasric change
5 water is a high heat of vaporization, keeping the body from overheating
6 frozen water is LESS dense than liquid water, so it floats

when water molecules dissociate, they release an equal number of ____and ______ ions

acidic solutions have a _______ H+ concentration

____ are substances that dissociate in water, releasing H+ ions

_____ have high OH- concentrations

used to indicate the acidity and basicity of a solution

pure water has a pH of

basic solutions have a pH scale of

acidic solutions have a pH scale of

these are called ______ because each is a composed of many subunits

the removal of water from a water molecule

the addititon of water to a water molecule

function for quick and short-term energy storage in all orgainisms

simple sugar

always contains C and H atoms

when 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a dehydration reaction a ______ is formed

complex carbohydrate that contain many glucose units

storage form of glucose in animals

storage form of glucose in plants

this is found in plant walls

fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids are all considered ____

these contain more energy per gram that other biological molecules
some function as energy storage
others form a membrane

they do not dissolve in water-hydrophobic

___are solids at room temp and are usually of animal origin

____ are liquid at room temp and are usually of plant origin

1 used for long term energy storage
2 insulates against heat loss
3 forms a protective cushion around major organs

when 1 glycerol molecule reacts with 3 fatty acid molecules ____is formed

because of 3 part structure, a fat is called a _____

breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets

emulsifiers can cause fats to mix with water
True False

fats are emulsified by bile
True False

a carbon-hydrogen chain that ends with the acidic group

____ accounts for the solidity of fat a room temp

_______account for the liquid nature of vegetable oils at room temp

make up the cell membrane

the head of a phospholipid is _____ while the bottom is ______

these have a backbone of 4 fused C rings; each one differs by the functional groups that are attached to the rings

steroids include the hormones testosterone O and estrogen HO
True False

proteins that speed chemical reactions

___is the subunit that makes up protein

amino acids differ from one another by their ____

2 amino acids joined together by a dehydration reaction

______ is a single chain of amino acids

hydrogen bonding between amino acids causes the polypeptide to form ______

the final shape of a protein is very important to its function
True False

when proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH, they undergo an irreversible change in shape

once a protein loses its normal shape, it is no longer able to perform its usual function (acid curdling milk)
True False

is a molecular complex of 3 types of subunit molecules
subunits of nucleic acids

1 phosphate
2 pentose sugar
3 nitrogen-containing base

makes up the genes and stores into reguarding its replication order

an intermediary in the process of protein synthesis

DNA has four different types of bases

the RNA base ___ replaces the _____

RNA is a singles thread, while DNA is a double helix

sugar in DNA is deoxyribose
sugar in RNA is ribose
True False

the sequence of the bases is the genetic info that specifies the sequence of amino acids inthe proteins of the cell
True False

the primary energy carrier in cells

cells use glucose molecules to make

when ATP is broken down ADP is released
True False

1 all living things are composed of cells
2 the cell is the basic unit of life
3 new cells arise only from preexisting cells

nutrients enter a cell and leave a cell at its surface
True False

surrounds the cell and keeps it intact
regulates what enters and exits

large, centrally located structure
is the control center of the cell

portion of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

are contained in the cytoplasma
are small often membranous structures
each type of organelle has a specific function

a network of interconnected filaments and microtubules in the cytoplasm
maintains cell shape and allows the cell and its contents to move

the plasma membrane is a phosphillipid bilayer with attached or embedded protiens
True False

the _______ says that proteins have a changing pattern within the phospholipid bilayer

allows only sertain molecules and ions to pass into and out of the cytoplasm freely

is the random movement of molecules from the area of HIGHER concentration to the area of LOWER concentration until they are equally distributed

diffusion of water across a plama membrane

equal concentration of solutes and water on both sides of the plasma membrane and cells maintain their shape and size; no water movement

solutions that cause cells to swell or even burst due to intake of water

refers to disrupted cells

disrupted blood cells

solutions that cause cells to shrink or shrivel due to a loss of water

refers to the cells that shrivel and shrink in this condition

a molecule is transported across the plamsa membrane from the side of HIGHER concentration to the side of LOWER concentration

a molecule is moving contraty to the normal direction; from a LOWER concentration to a HIGHER concentration

active transport requires a protein carrier and use of cellular energy from the breakdown of ATP; these proteins are often called pumps
True False

ATP is broken down- energy is released- a carrier uses that energy to carry out active transport
True False

a portion of the plama membrane invaginates to envelope a substance, then the membrane pinches off to form a vesicle

a vehicle fuses with the plasma membrane as a secretion occurs

stores genetic into that determines he characteristics of a cell

functions to synthesize proteins
a mix of protiens and rRNA

studded with ribosomes, proteins are synthesized here and enter the ER where processing and modification begin

synthesizes the phospholipids in membranes, is continuous with the rough ER but does not have attached ribosomes

contains enzymes that modify proteins and lipids
makes last minute changes

produced by the golgi
contain hydrolytic digestive enzyems
breaks things down

parts of a cell can be digested by its own lysosomes

are the sites for ATP production
carry on cellular respiration
the powerhouse of the cell

filamentous proteins structures help maintain the shaope and anchors organelles or assist movement
skeleton of the cell

allows movement
move by self

ex: sperm cells move by means of flagella
ex: cells with cilia line the respiratory tract, sweeping debris trapped in mucus back up the throat

all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

each reaction in a metabolic pathway requires a specific enzyme
True False

no reaction in the path will occur without its enzyme present
True False

when an enzyme speeds up a reaction, the reactant that is involved is called the enzyme's ______

enzymes have a specific region called an _____-substrates are brought together so they can react

enzyme specificity is determined by the shape of the active site
True False

an enzyme and its substrate fit together specifically
True False

nonprotein molecules

removes H atoms from substrates

NAD is a form of

cellular respiration actually involes 3 parts

the breakdown of glucose to 2 pyruvate molecules

occurs in the cytoplasm

energy in glycolysis is used to form 2 ATP molecules
True False

pyruvate is converted to an acetyl group

occurs twice per glucose molecule

cyclical series of reations that gives off C_O2 molecules and produces ATP

begins with NAHD₂ then consists of molecules that carry eletrons

high energy electrons being moved through

electron transport chain makes 32 ATP
True False

36 ATP are produced from 1 glucose molecule
True False

fermentation does not require oxygen is also called ______

if oxygen isnt available electron transport chain becomes ______

fermentation is a cell's way of producting ATP in an anaerobic enviroment
True False