pharm prefix suff

Potassium sparing diuretics

• aldactone
• spironolactone

Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) Inhibitors

●● Expected Pharmacological Action – Augments the effects of nitric oxide released during sexual stimulation, resulting in enhanced blood flow to the corpus cavernosum and penile erection.

●● Therapeutic Uses – erectile dysfunction

• sildenafil (Viagra)
• tadalafil (Cialis)
• vardenafil (Levitra)

general anesthetics

• cyclohexane
• ethane
• fluorane 

thrombolytics (clot-busters)

• eminase
• retavase
• streptokinase

GLUCOCORTICOIDS

• ◯ These medications prevent inflammation, suppress airway mucus production, and promote responsiveness of beta2 receptors in the bronchial tree.
• ◯◯ The use of glucocorticoids does not provide immediate effects, but rather promotes decreased frequency and severity of exacerbations and acute attacks.

• ◯◯ Short-term IV agents are used for status asthmaticus.
• ◯◯ Inhaled agents are used for long-term prophylaxis of asthma.
• ◯◯ Short-term oral therapy is used to treat manifestations following an acute asthma episode.
• ◯◯ Long-term oral therapy is used to treat chronic asthma.
• ◯◯ Promote lung maturity and decrease respiratory distress in fetuses at risk for preterm birth.

Glucocorticoids:

• Betamethasone
• dexamethasone
• diflorasone
• fluticasone
• mometasone

anitspychotic; antimetic

• chlorpromazine  (antispychotic)
• perphenazine     (antispychotic )
• prochlorperazine    (antimetic)

antineoplastic; cytotoxic agent

• ›› Binds to DNA, altering its structure
• ›› Cell cycle phase nonspecific
• ›› Includes solid tumors, such as lung, bone, stomach, and breast cancers, Hodgkin’sand non-Hodgkin’slymphomas

• doxorubicin
• epirubicin
• idarubicin
• valrubicin

barbiturate (sedative)

• butabarbital
• butalbital
• phenobarbital
• secobarbital

local anesthetic

• bupivacaine
• lidocaine
• mepivacaine
• prilocaine
• proparacaine

calcium & vitamin D suppliment

• calciferol
• calcitroil
• ergocalciferol

cephalosporin antibiotic

• cefaclor
• cefdinir
• cefixime
• cefprozil
• cefadroxil
• ceftibuten
• cephalexin
• cephaprin
• cephradine

penicillin antibiotic

• amoxicillin
• ampicillin
• dicloxacillin
• nafcillin
• oxacillin

corticosteroid

• clocortolone
• fludrocortisone
• hydrocortisone

tetracycline antibiotic

◯◯ Tetracyclines are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit micro-organism growth by preventing protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Administered topically and orally to treat acne vulgaris and topically for periodontal disease
• ◯◯ Used as first-line medication for
• ■■ Rickettsial infections, such as typhus fever or Rocky Mountain spotted fever
• ■■ Infections of the urethra or cervix caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
• ■■ Brucellosis
• ■■ Pneumonia caused by Mycoplasma pneumonia
• ■■ Lyme disease
• ■■ Anthrax
• ■■ GI infections caused by Helicobacter pylori

• demeclocycline
• doxycycline
• minocycline
• tetracycline

anthelmintic; antibiotic; antibacterial


Metronidazole is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial with bactericidal activity against anaerobic micro-organisms.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Treatment of protozoal infections (intestinal amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis) and obligateanaerobic bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis, antibiotic-induced Clostridium difficile, Gardnerella vaginalis)
• ◯◯ Prophylaxis for clients who will have surgical procedures and are high-risk for anaerobic infection(vaginal, abdominal, colorectal surgery)
• ◯◯ Treatment of H. pylori in combination with tetracycline and bismuth salicylate in clients who have peptic ulcer disease

• albendazole
• mebendazole
• metronidazole
• tinidazole

calcium channel blocker

Blocking of calcium channels in blood vessels leads to vasodilation of peripheral arterioles and arteries/arterioles of the heart.

• amlodipine
• felodipine
• nifedipine
• nimodipine
• nisoldipine

bisphosphonate; bone resorption inhibitor

Bisphosphonates decrease the number and action of osteoclasts, which thereby inhibits bone resorption.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Prophylaxis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
• ◯◯ In male clients who have osteoporosis
• ◯◯ Prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis produced by long-term glucocorticoid use
• ◯◯ For clients who have Paget’s disease of the bone and hypercalcemia of malignancy

• alendronate
• etidronate
• ibandronate
• risedronate

proton pump inhibitor (PPI)

• Proton pump inhibitors reduce gastric acid secretion by irreversibly inhibiting the enzyme that produces gastric acid.
• ◯◯ Proton pump inhibitors reduce basal and stimulated acid production.

• ●● Therapeutic Use
• ◯◯ Proton pump inhibitors are prescribed for gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive esophagitis, GERD,and hypersecretory conditions such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.

• esomeprazole
• omeprazole
• rabeprazole

Ergotamines (anti-migraine)

• ergotamine
• dihydroergotamine

NSAID

• bromfenac
• diclofenac
• nepafenac

quinolone antibiotic

Fluoroquinolones are bactericidal as a result of inhibition of the enzyme necessary for DNA replication.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Broad-spectrum antimicrobials used for a wide variety of micro-organisms such as aerobicgram‑negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, klebsiella, and E. coli
• ◯◯ Alternative to parenteral antibiotics for clients who have severe infections◯◯ Urinary, respiratory, and GI tract infections; infections of bones, joints, skin, and soft tissues
• ◯◯ Medication of choice for prevention of anthrax in clients who have inhaled anthrax spore

• besifloxacin
• ciprofloxacin
• levofloxacin
• moxifloxacin
• ofloxacin

antidiabetic; inhibitor of the DPP-4 enzyme

• Sitagliptin (Januvia)
• ›› Augments naturally occurring incretinhormones, which promote release of insulinand decrease secretion of glucagon
• ›› Lowers fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels

• saxagliptin
• sitagliptin
• linagliptin

antidiabetic; thiazolidine- dione

• Thiazolidinediones (Glitazones)
• »»Select Prototype Medication: pioglitazone (Actos)
• ›› Increases cellular response to insulin by decreasing insulin resistance
• ›› Increased glucose uptake and decreasedglucose production

• pioglitazone
• rosiglitazone
• troglitazone

Antihistamine

• brompheniramine
• chlorpheniramine
• pheniramine

carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Reduces production of aqueous humor by causing diuresis through renal effects.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ These medications are used to quickly lower IOP in clients for whom other medications have been ineffective.
• ◯◯ Acetazolamide, a non-antimicrobial sulfonamide, can be used as an emergency medication prior to surgery for acute angle-closure glaucoma and as a second-line medication for treatment of POAG.
• ◯◯ Acetazolamide may also be used to treat acute mountain sickness, seizures, and heart failure(as a diuretic).

• acetazolamide
• brinzolamide
• dorzolamide
• methazolamide

• monoclonal antibody
• Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs)

• ◯◯ DMARDs slow joint degeneration and progression of rheumatoid arthritis.
• ◯◯ Glucocorticoids provide symptomatic relief of inflammation and pain.
• ◯◯ NSAIDs provide rapid, symptomatic relief of inflammation and pain.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses◯◯ Analgesia for pain, swelling, and joint stiffness
• ◯◯ Maintenance of joint function
• ◯◯ Slow/delay the worsening of the disease (DMARDs, glucocorticoids)
• ◯◯ Short-term therapy until long-acting DMARDs take effect (NSAIDs, glucocorticoids)
• ◯◯ Prevention of organ rejection in transplant clients such as kidney, liver, and heart transplants(glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants).

◯◯ Management of inflammatory bowel disease (glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, DMARDs)

• adalimumab
• daclizumab
• infliximab
• omalizumab
• trastuzumab

alkylating agent (antineoplastic)

• Select Prototype Medication:carmustine (BiCNU, Gliadel) – IV, topical
• ››Other Medications:
• »»Lomustine (CCNU) – Oral
• Kills rapid growing cellsby interrupting DNA and RNA synthesis
• ›› Cell cycle phase nonspecific
• ›› Crosses the blood-brain barrier

• Select Prototype Medication: vincristine(Oncovin, Vincasar PFS)'
• ››Other Medications:
• »»Vinblastine (Velban)

• ›› Useful in combinationwith other chemotherapy medications
• ›› Stops cell division during mitosis
• ›› Not bone marrow toxic
• ››M-phase specific
• ›› Includes acute lymphocytic leukemia, Wilms tumor,rhabdomyosarcoma,solid tumors, such as bladder and breastcancers, Hodgkin’s and non‑Hodgkin’s lymphomas.

• carmustine
• estramustine
• lomustine
• bendamustine
• vinblastine 
• vincristine 

antibiotic; antibacterial

• azithromycin
• clarithromycin
• clindamycin
• erythromycin

muscarinic antagonist (anticholinergic)

Muscarinic antagonists inhibit muscarinic receptors of the detrusor muscle of the bladder, which prevents contractions of the bladder and the urge to void.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Overactive bladder

• darifenacin
• solifenacin

Antifungal

• fluconazole
• ketoconazole
• miconazole
• terconazole
• tioconazole
• butoconazole
• econazole

beta blocker

• In cardiac conditions, the primary effects of beta-adrenergic blockers are a result of beta1-adrenergic blockade in the myocardium and in the electrical conduction system of the heart.
• ■■ Decreased heart rate (negative chronotropic [rate] action)
• ■■ Decreased myocardial contractility (negative inotropic [force] action)
• ■■ Decreased rate of conduction through the AV node (negative dromotropic action)
• ■■ Alpha blockade adds vasodilation in medications such as carvedilol and labetalol.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Primary hypertension (exact mechanism unknown: may be related to long-term use causing reduction in peripheral vascular resistance).
• ◯◯ Angina, tachydysrhythmias, heart failure, and myocardial infarction.
• ◯◯ Other uses may include treatment of hyperthyroidism, migraine headache, stage fright,pheochromocytoma, and glaucoma.

• atenolol
• propanolol
• sotalol

anabolic steroid

• nandrolone
• oxandrolone
• oxymetholone

Corticosteroid

◯◯ Glucocorticoids provide symptomatic relief of inflammation and pain.

• fluocinolone
• fluorometholone
• prednisolone
• triamcinolone

Corticosteroid

• budesonide
• ciclesonide
• desonide
• fluocinonide
• halcinonide

antithrombotic; anticoagulant (blood thinner)

• dalteparin
• enoxaparin
• fondaparinux
• heparin
• tinzaparin

• xanthine derivative (bronchodilator)
• METHYLXANTHINES

• Theophylline causes relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, resulting in bronchodilation.
• ◯◯ Theophylline, once the first-line medication for asthma, now is used infrequently because newer medications are safer and more effective.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Oral theophylline is used for long-term control of chronic asthma or COPD.
• ◯◯ Route of administration: oral or IV (emergency use only)

• aminophylline
• dyphylline
• oxtriphylline
• theophylline

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)

These medications block reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine andserotonin in the synaptic space, thereby intensifying the effects that these neurotransmitters produce.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses in Children
• ◯◯ Depression
• ◯◯ Autism spectrum disorder
• ◯◯ ADHD
• ◯◯ Panic, school phobia, separation anxiety disorder
• ◯◯ OCD

• clomipramine
• desipramine
• imipramine
• trimipramine

Corticosteroid

• loteprednol
• prednicarbate
• prednisolone
• prednisone

ACE inhibitor

• ACE inhibitors produce their effects by blocking the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II,leading to:
• ■■ Vasodilation (mostly arteriole).
• ■■ Excretion of sodium and water, and retention of potassium by actions in the kidneys.
• ■■ Reduction in pathological changes in the blood vessels and heart that result from the presence of angiotensin II and aldosterone.

• Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Hypertension
• ◯◯ Heart failure
• ◯◯ Myocardial infarction (to decrease mortality and to decrease risk of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction)
• ◯◯ Diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathy
• ◯◯ For clients at high risk for a cardiovascular event, ramipril can be used to prevent MI, stroke, or death.

• benazepril
• captopril
• enalapril
• lisinopril
• moexipril
• ramipril

NSAID

• fenoprofen
• flurbiprofen
• ibuprofen
• ketoprofen

atypical antipsychotic

Expected Pharmacological Action – These antipsychotic agents work mainly by blocking serotonin,and to a lesser degree, dopamine receptors. These medications also block receptors for norepinephrine, histamine, and acetylcholine.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses◯◯ Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (negative and positive symptoms)
• ◯◯ Psychotic episodes induced by levodopa therapy
• ◯◯ Relief of psychotic manifestations in other disorders such as bipolar disorders

• iloperidone
• paliperidone
• risperidone

Antituberculars

• rifamate
• rifampin
• rifapentine
• rifater

angiotensin II receptor antagonist; ARB

• These medications block the action of angiotensin II in the body. This results in:
• ■■ Vasodilation (mostly arteriole).
• ■■ Excretion of sodium and water, and retention of potassium (through effects on the kidney).

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Hypertension
• ◯◯ Heart failure and prevention of mortality following MI
• ◯◯ Stroke prevention
• ◯◯ Delay progression of diabetic nephropathy

• candesartan
• irbesartan
• losartan
• olmesartan
• valsartan

loop diuretic (water pill)

• furosemide
• torsemide

serotonin 5-HT3 receptor antagonist

Selective blockade of 5-HT3 receptors, which innervate the viscera and result in increased firmness in stool and decrease in urgency and frequency of defecation

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Approved only for female clients who have severe IBS-D that has lasted more than 6 months andhas been resistant to conventional management

• alosetron
• dolasetron
• granisetron
• ondansetron
• palonosetron

antiemetic and antinauseant

• dolasetron
• granisetron
• ondansetron
• palonosetron

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor; statins

• atorvastatin
• lovastatin
• pitavastatin
• pravastatin
• rosuvastatin
• simvastatin

cholinergic

Cholinesterase inhibitors prevent the enzyme cholinesterase (ChE) from inactivating acetylcholine (ACh), thereby increasing the amount of ACh available at receptor sites.Transmission of nerve impulses is increased at all sites responding to ACh as a transmitter.

• Therapeutic Uses: 
• Treatment of myasthenia gravis

• neostigmine 
• physostigmine
• pyridostigmine

antibiotic; anti-infective; anti-inflammatory

• sulfacetamide
• sulfadiazine
• sulfamethoxazole
• sulfasalazine
• sulfasoxazole

Antihistamine

• cyproheptadine
• desloratadine
• loratadine
• olopatadine

antiviral; anti-influenza-A

• amantadine
• rimantadine

beta agonist; bronchodilator

• albuterol
• arformoterol
• formoterol
• levalbuterol
• salmeterol

H2 receptor antagonist (anti-ulcer)

Histamine2-receptor antagonists suppress the secretion of gastric acid by selectively blocking H2 receptors in parietal cells lining the stomach.

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Histamine2-receptor antagonists are prescribed for gastric and peptic ulcers, GERD, and hypersecretory conditions, such as Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
• ◯◯ Histamine2-receptor antagonists are used in conjunction with antibiotics to treat ulcers causedby H. pylori.

• cimetidine
• famotidine
• nizatidine
• ranitidine

thiazide diuretic (water pill)

• Thiazide diuretics work in the early distal convoluted tubule.
• ■■ Blocks the reabsorption of sodium and chloride, and prevents the reabsorption of water atthis site
• ■■ Promotes diuresis when renal function is not impaired

• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Thiazide diuretics are often the medication of first choice for essential hypertension.
• ◯◯ These medications may be used for edema of mild-to-moderate heart failure and liver and kidney disease.
• ◯◯ Thiazide diuretics often are used in combination with antihypertensive agents for blood pressure control.

• chlorothiazide
• hydrochloro- thiazide
• methyclothiazide

antineoplastic (kinase inhibitor)

• Select Prototype Medication:
• imatinib (Gleevec)
• ›› Route of administration – oral
• ›› Stops cancer growth by inhibiting intracellular enzymes
• ›› Treat chronic myeloid leukemia

• crizotinib
• dasatinib
• erlotinib
• gefitinib
• imatinib

female hormone (progestin)

• desogestrel
• etonogestrel
• levonorgestrel
• norgestrel

retinoid; dermatologic agent; form of vitamin A

• acitretin
• alitretinoin
• isotretinoin
• tretinoin

antimigraine; selective 5-HT receptor agonist

• almotriptan
• eletriptan
• rizatriptan
• sumatriptan
• zolmitriptan

tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)

• These medications block reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synaptic space, thereby intensifying the effects of these neurotransmitters.
• ●● Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Depression
• ◯◯ Depressive episodes of bipolar disorders
• ◯◯ Other Uses
• ■■ Neuropathic pain
• ■■ Fibromyalgia
• ■■ Anxiety disorders
• ■■ Insomnia

• amitriptyline
• nortriptyline
• protriptyline

anti-HIV/aids

• amprenavir
• ritonavir
• indinavir
• nelfinavir

Antiparastic

• chloroquine 
• hydroxychloroquine 
• mefloquine 

antiviral; anti-hepatitis

• ◯◯ Interferon alfa-2b and lamivudine are used to treat hepatitis B and C.
• ◯◯ Ribavirin is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus and influenza.

• adefovir
• entecavir
• ribavirin (along with interferon)

antiviral; anti-herpes

Acyclovir is used to treat herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses

• acyclovir
• famciclovir
• penciclovir
• valacyclovir

antiviral; anti-CMV

• Ganciclovir is used for treatment and prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV).
• Prevention therapy using ganciclovir is given for clients who have HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, and other immunocompromised states.

• cidofovir
• ganciclovir
• valganciclovir

antiviral; anti-flu

◯◯ Oseltamivir is used to treat influenza A and B.

• oseltamivir
• zanamivir

antiviral; nucleoside analogues

• lamivudine
• stavudine
• telbivudine
• zidovudine

Benzodiazepine

• Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorde
• r◯◯ Other uses for benzodiazepines
• ■■ Seizure disorders
• ■■ Insomnia
• ■■ Muscle spasm
• ■■ Alcohol withdrawal (for prevention and treatment of acute manifestations)
• ■■ Induction of anesthesia
• ■■ Amnesic prior to surgery or procedures

Diazepam enhances the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the CNS. Relief from anxiety occurs rapidly following administration.

• clonazepam
• diazepam
• flurazepam
• lorazepam
• temazepam

Antidepressant

• nefazodone
• trazodone
• vilazodone

Benzodiazepine

• Therapeutic Uses
• ◯◯ Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and panic disorder
• ◯◯ Other uses for benzodiazepines
• ■■ Seizure disorders
• ■■ Insomnia
• ■■ Muscle spasm
• ■■ Alcohol withdrawal (for prevention and treatment of acute manifestations)
• ■■ Induction of anesthesia
• ■■ Amnesic prior to surgery or procedures

• alprazolam
• estazolam
• midazolam
• triazolam

nasal decongestants

• oxymetazoline
• xylometazoline

Alpha Adrenergic Blockers (Sympatholytics)

• ● Therapeutic uses:
• Primary hypertension.
• ◯◯ Doxazosin and terazosin also can be used to decrease manifestations of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which include urgency, frequency, and dysuria.

• ■■ Venous and arterial dilation.
• ■■ Smooth muscle relaxation of the prostatic capsule and bladder neck.

• aFDAlfuzosin
• doxazosin
• prazosin
• terazosin