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Diffusion
Solutes move from high to low concentration
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Osmosis
Movement of water from low solute to high solute concentration
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Osmotic pressure
Amount of pressure required to stop osmotic flow of water
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Hydrostatic Pressure
The force that pushes water out of the vascular system at capillary level
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Active Transport
- Process in which molecules move against concentration gradient (i.e. Na+/K+ pump) ENERGY REQUIRED
- (Solutes move from low conc. to high conc.)
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is produced in...and causes..?
Pituitary glands; decrease in urine output via kidney tubules reabsorbing water
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Renin is released by....when there is a decrease in blood flow to the receptors...which causes a conversion of ......to......?
Nephrons; Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
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Angiotensin II causes nephrons to..and...?
Retain Na+ and water; stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
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Aldosterone causes kidney tubules to....?
Excrete K+ and retain Na+, causing water reabsorption and increase blood volume
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ADH is synthesized by the.....and secreted by the....?
hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
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Causes of ADH release?
Fluid loss (Vomiting, Diarrhea, Blood loss); Sepsis; Fever; Severe burns
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What is the action of the natriuretic peptides?
Suppress secretion of aldosterone, renin, and ADH to decrease blood volume and pressure
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What are the sx of Fluid Volume Deficit?
- Increased-Temp, Pulse, Resp, Urine spec.gravity, Hematocrit
- Decreased-Skin Turgor, B/P, Wt, Energy, Urine Output, LOC
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Causes of Fluid Volume Deficit?
Impaired thirst mechanism, Isotonic loss, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Sweating, Decreased intake, Prolonged rapid resps., Fever
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Normal range Urine Specific Gravity?
1.010-1.030
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Treatment interventions for Fluid Volume Deficit?
Force fluids, Isotonic IV Fluids, I&O (hourly), Daily wt, VS, Skin turgor, Urine spec. gravity
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What are sx of Fluid Volume Excess?
- Increased-Pulse, BP
- Decreased-Hct, BUN
- Labored Resps (dyspnea, crackles), Peripheral edema, Jugular vein distension, Urine spec. gravity <1.010
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Causes of Fluid Volume Excess?
Isotonic gain (increase in interstitial compartment and/or intravascular), CHF, Renal failure, Cirrhosis, Excessive Na+ intake, Rapid/excessive IV infusion
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Treatment interventions for Fluid Volume Excess?
Diuretics, fluid and Na+ restriction, daily wt, breath sounds, check for edema
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Isotonic IV fluids?
LR, 0.9% NaCl, 0.45% NaCl in H20, (D5W)
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Hypertonic IV Fluids?
D5LR, Mannitol or Dextrose solutions (not in H20), 3% NaCl
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Hypotonic IV Fluids?
0.45% NaCl, D5W (in the body)
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