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Food service operations are viewed as open or closed systems?
open
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A conceptual simplification of a real situation in which extraneous information is excluded and analysis is simplified.
Model
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A collection of interrelated parts or subsystems unified by design to obtain one or more objectives.
system
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Any human, physical, or operational resource required to accomplish objectives of the system.
Input
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Action or activity to change inputs into outputs.
Transformation
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Result of transforming input into achievement of a system's goal.
Output
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All stored information that provides historical records of a system's operations.
Memory
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The ____ approach focuses on the totality of the organization rather than its processes or parts.
System
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Pre 1960, what approaches were used to examine organizations?
Analytical fact finding approaches
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Ludwig Von Bertalanffy is credited with introducing what theory?
Systems
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Luchsinger and Dock listed what fundamental implications of the term system in 1976?
- A system is designed to accomplish an objective
- Subsystems of a system have an established arrangement
- Interrelationships exist among the elements
- Flow of resources through a system is more important than basic elements
- Organization objectives are more important than those of the subsystems
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The primary output in a foodservice system is __________________________.
the production of the desired quantity and quality of food to meet customers' needs.
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The expanded systems more of an organization includes four additional parts:
- control
- memory
- environmental factors
- feedback
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Internal and external control provides:
guidance for the system
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Internal control consists of:
- plans, including the goals and objectives of the organization
- standards
- policies and procedures
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External control consists of:
- local
- state
- federal regulations and contracts with outside companies
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The control element performs three functions in a system:
- ensures that resources are used effectively and efficiently in accomplishing organizational objectives
- ensures the organization is functioning within legal and regulatory constraints
- provides standards to be used in evaluation of operations
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Things outside the system that can impact the operation of the system:
Environmental factors
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Processes by which a system continually receives information from its internal and external environment:
Feedback
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Organizations that are in continual interaction with the environment:
Open systems
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Each part of the system affects performance of other parts of the system:
Interdependency
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Parts are blended together into a unified whole:
Integration
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Working together can create greater outcomes than working individually:
Synergy
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Continuous response and adaptation of a system to its internal and extended environment:
Dynamic equilibrium
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What are six unique characteristics of an open system?
- Interdependency of parts, leading to integration and synergy
- Dynamic equilibrium
- Equifinality
- Permeable boundaries
- Interface of systems and subsystems
- Hierarchy of the system
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Same or similar output can be achieved by using different inputs or by varying the transformation process:
Equifinality
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Limits of a system that set the domain of organizational activity:
Boundaries
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Area where two systems or subsystems come in contact with each other:
Interface
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The three levels of an organization are:
- internal(technical core or operational level)
- Organizational level
- Policy making corporate level
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Characteristic of a system that is composed of subsystems of a lower order and a suprasystem of a higher order:
Hierarchy
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Complete system within itself that is part of a larger system:
Subsystem
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The inputs of the food service system are what four types of resources?
- Human: labor and skils
- Materials: food and supplies
- Facilities: space and equipment
- Operational: money, time, utilities, and information
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Search for and acquisition of information about events and trends external to the organization:
Environmental scanning
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What are the six characteristics of strategic thinking?
- Intent focused
- Comprehensive
- Opportunistic
- Long-term oriented
- Builds on past and present
- Hypothesis driven
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What are the five forces framework?
- New entry
- Rivalry
- Substitutes
- Suppliers
- Buyers
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Individuals or groups who are significantly affected by or can significantly influence a company's decisions:
Stakeholder
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Another organization selling a similar product/service to the same market segment:
Competitor
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