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Describe the clavicle in the dog and cat.
- Cat: separate, nonarticular bone
- Dog:rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus m.
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What does the spine of the scapula divide?
Lateral scapula into infraspinous and supraspinous fossae
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What is the acromion?
End of the spine of the scapula
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What is the caudal projection of the acromion found in the cat?
Suprahamate process
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What is the glenoid fossa/cavity and its function?
Shallow cavity of the scapula articulating with the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
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What is the supraglenoid tubercle and what is its function?
Cranial process near the glenoid cavity for the attachment of the biceps brachii muscle.
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What and where is the greater tubercle.
Projection located craniolateral to the head of the humerus-point of the shoulder
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What is the intertubercular (bicipital) groove?
The sulcus between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendon
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What is the condyle of the humerus? How many are there per humeri?
Entire distal end of the humerus. One.
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What arises from the epicondyles of the humerus?
Lateral (extensor) epicondyle:extensors of forearm; Medial (flexor) epicondyle:flexors.
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What foramen is found in canine and feline humeri, and what passes through them?
- Dog: supratrochlear foramen-nothing
- Cat:supracondylar foramen-median n. and brachial vessels
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What and where is the styloid process of radius?
Distal pointed end of the radius, medial
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What is the function of the olecranon/olecranon tuberosity? What is a common name for it?
Serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow. Point of the elbow.
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Name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends.
- Trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
- Proximal end= anconeal process
- Distal ends= medial and lateral coronoid processes
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What and where is the styloid process of the ulna?
Distal end of ulna, lateral side
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List the parts of the manus from proximal to distal (and the bones of each part)
Carpus(carpal bones), metacarpus (metacarpal bones), digits(proximal, middle, and distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones)
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What does the term carpus designate?
Carpal bones and compound joint formed by these bones or the region between the forearm and the metacarpus.
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Name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row.
- Proximal row form medial to lateral: radial, ulnar and accessory carpal bones.
- Distal row: numbered from 1-4 from medial to lateral.
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Which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and is considered a landmark?
Accessory carpal bone
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List the bones of each digits and their locations.
Proximal middle and distal phalanges(not middle for dew claw),2proximal sesamoid bones (1 for dew claw) on palmar side of metacarpophalangeal joints, 1 dorsal sesamoid bone for digit 1-4.
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What is the fingernail-like structure covering the ungual process?
Horny claw
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What is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw?
Ungual crest
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What is the digit (P1,P3, 1 proximal sesamoid)+MtC1 that doesn't reach the ground?
Dewclaw
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What is the configuration of the shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) joint?
Ball and socket joint (spheroidal)
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What type of motion is allowed by the shoulder joint?
All movements (universal) but mainly flexion and extension.
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What protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove?
Extension of the shoulder joint capsule(connected) acting as a tendon sheath
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What stabilizes the shoulder joint?
No true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabilize.
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What bones make up the elbow (cubital) joint?
Humeral condyle, trochlear notch of ulna, head of radius.
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What type of joint is the elbow/cubital joint, and what action is allowed?
Ginglymus or hinge joint; also compound; flexion and extension.
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What powerful ligaments bind sides of all the joints of the limb except the shoulder? How does this effect their movement?
- lateral and medial collateral ligaments.
- limits to mainly flexion and extension.
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What type of joint is the carpus? what movement does it allow?
Compound/composite hinge joint;flexion and extension (also gliding and rotation)
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List the joints of the carpus and the movement each allows?
antebrachiocarpal joint:most movement flexion and extension, middle carpal joint:less but considerable extension and flexion, carpometacarpal joint:very little, mainly gliding, intercarpal joints: gliding
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list the boundaries of the carpal canal?
carpal bones (covered by palmer carpal fibrocartilage), accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
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list the joints of the digits (the bones they are between)
- metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints (metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx)
- Proximal interdigital (PIP) (P1 and P2)
- Distal interdigital (DIP or "claw") joint (P2 and P3)
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