-
Lateral rectus
- Action: abduction
- Innervation: abducens (Vl)
-
Medial rectus
- Action: adduction
- Innervation: oculomotor (lll)
-
Superior rectus
- Action: elevation
- Innervation: oculomotor (lll)
-
Inferior rectus
- Action: depression
- Innervation: oculomotor (lll)
-
Inferior oblique
- Action: lateral rotation
- Innervation: oculomotor (lll)
-
Superior oblique
- Action: medial rotation
- Innervation: trochlear (lV)
-
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
- Action: elevate the superior eyelid
- Innervation: oculomotor (lll)
-
Olfactory nerve
- CN l
- Olfaction (smell)
- Foramen: cribriform plate of ethmoid
- CNS nucleus: temporal lobe cortex
-
Optic nerve
- CN ll
- Vision
- Foramen: optic canal
- CNS nucleus: thalamus and occipital cortex
-
Oculomotor nerve
- CN lll
- Somatic efferent to inferior oblique, inferior rectus, medial rectus, superior rectus, levator palpebrae superioris
- Visceral efferent to parasympathetics of eye (pupillary constriction)
- Foramen: superior orbital fissure
- CNS nucleus: pons
-
Trochlear nerve
- CN lV
- Superior oblique muscle
- Foramen: superior oblique fissure
- CNS nucleus: pons
-
CN lV (Trochlear) palsy
- Loss of medial rotation by superior oblique in left eye
- Compensate by tilting head to right to medially rotate eye
- Chronic neck pain
-
Abducens nerve
- CN Vl
- Lateral rectus
- Foramen: superior orbital fissure
- CNS nucleus: pons
-
Trigeminal nerve V1
- Ophthalmic division
- General afferent for nasal mucosa, cutaneous nose, forehead, and scalp
- Foramina: superior orbital fissure
- CNS nucleus: pons
-
Trigeminal nerve V2
- Maxillary division
- General afferent for maxillary alveoli and gums; cutaneous cheek and temple
- Foramina: foramen rotundum
- CNS nucleus: pons
-
Trigeminal nerve V3
- Mandibular division
- Genereal afferent for sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue, mandibular alveoli and gums; cutaneous chin, mandible and temple
- Somatic efferent to temporalis, masseter, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
- Foramina: foramen ovale
- CNS nucleus: pons
-
Facial nerve
- CN Vll
- Somatic efferent to muscles of facial expression, stapedius m., stylohyoid m., posterior half of digastric m.
- Visceral efferent to parasympathetics of sublingual and submandibular glands, lacrimal glands, nasal mucosa
- Special afferent to taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue
- Branches: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
- Foramina: internal acoustic meatus, stylomastoid foramen
- CNS nucleus: pons
-
Vestibulocochlear nerve
- CN Vlll
- Balance and hearing
- Foramen: internal acoustic meatus
- CNS nucleus: pons/medulla
-
Glossopharyngeal nerve
- CN lX
- Somatic efferent to stylopharyngeus muscle
- Visceral efferent to parotid glands
- Sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue
- Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
- Foramen: jugular foramen
- CNS nucleus: medulla
-
Vagus nerve
- CN X
- Somatic efferent to pharyngeal muscles and tensor veli palatini (palatal muscles)
- Parasympathetics to glands of pharynx, heart, and abdominal viscera
- Sensation to pharynx, abdominal viscera, aortic arch, larynx, esophagus, and skin behind ear
- Taste from epiglottis and pharynx
- Foramen: jugular foramen
- CNS nucleus: medulla
-
Spinal accessory nerve
- CN Xl
- Trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
- Foramen: jugular foramen
- CNS nucleus: spinal cord
-
Hypoglossal nerve
- CN Xll
- Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
- Foramen: hypoglossal canal
- CNS nucleus: medulla
-
Mentalis
- Prox attachment: mandible inferior to incisors
- Dist attachment: skin of chin
- Action: wrinkles chin
- Innervation: facial nerve (CN Vll)
-
Zygomaticus major
- Prox attachment: zygomatic bone
- Dist attachment: corner of mouth
- Action: raises corner of mouth
- Innervation: facial nerve (CN Vll)
-
Depressor anguli oris
- Prox attachment: body of mandible inferior to incisors
- Dist attachment: corner of mouth
- Action: depresses corners of mouth
- Innervation: facial nerve (CN Vll)
-
Frontalis
- Prox attachment: cranial aponeurosis
- Dist attachment: skin of forehead
- Action: raises eyebrows
- Innervation: facial nerve (CN Vll)
-
Platysma
- Prox attachment: pectoral fascia
- Dist attachment: skin and muscle around mandible
- Action: tenses skin of neck
- Innervation: facial nerve (CN Vll)
-
Temporalis
- Prox attachment: temporal fossa
- Dist attachment: coronoid process of mandible
- Action: closes, retracts, and lateral excursion of mandible
- Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
-
Masseter
- Prox attachment: zygomatic bone and arch
- Dist attachment: angle of mandible
- Action: closes jaw
- Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
-
Lateral pterygoids
- Prox attachment: sphenoid bone
- Dist attachment: mandibular condyle
- Action: protrudes mandible (bilateral), lateral excursion of mandible (unilateral)
- Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
-
Digastric m anterior belly
- Prox attachment: mandible
- Dist attachment: hyoid
- Action: Elevate hyoid and widen pharynx during swallowing; assist in opening mandible
- Innervation: CN V3
-
Digastric m posterior belly
- Prox attachment: mastoid
- Dist attachment: hyoid
- Action: Elevate hyoid and widen pharynx during swallowing; assist in opening mandible
- Innervation: CN Vll
-
Stylohyoid
- Prox attachment: styloid process
- Dist attachment: hyoid
- Action: Elevate hyoid and widen pharynx during swallowing; assist in opening mandible
- Innervation: CN Vll
-
Mylohyoid
- Prox attachment: mandible
- Dist attachment: hyoid
- Action: Elevate hyoid and widen pharynx during swallowing; assist in opening mandible
- Innervation: CN V3
-
Geniohyoid
- Prox attachment: mandible
- Dist attachment: hyoid
- Action: Elevate hyoid and widen pharynx during swallowing; assist in opening mandible
- Innervation: C1 via CN Xll
-
Medial pterygoid
- Prox attachment: maxilla and sphenoid
- Dist attachment: angle of mandible
- Action: close mandible
- Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
-
Afferents of the tongue
- Special afferents (taste)
- Ant 2/3 - facial n
- Post 1/3 - glossopharyngeal
- General afferents
- Ant 2/3 - lingual
- Post 1/3 - glossopharyngeal
-
Genioglossus m
- Action: Protrudes tongue
- Innervation: Hypoglossal n (CN Xll)
-
Hyoglossus m
- Action: Depresses and retracts tongue
- Innervation: hypoglossal n (CN Xll)
-
Styloglossus m
- Action: Elevates and retracts tongue
- Innervation: Hypoglossal n (CN Xll)
-
Levator and Tensor Veli Palatini m
- Elevate and tense soft palate
- Close off nasopharynx
- Innervation: Vagus n (Levator Palatini) and V3 (Tensor Veli Palatini)
-
Stylopharyngeus and Palatopharyngeus m
- Elevate and dilate pharynx
- Innervation: Glossopharyngeal (Stylopharyngeus) and Vagus (Palatopharyngeus)
-
Lateral Cricoarytenoid m
- Action: Rotate arytenoid cartilages medially (of larynx); ADduct vocal ligaments
- Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
-
Posterior Cricoarytenoid m
- Action: Rotate arytenoid cartilages laterally (of larynx); ABduct vocal ligaments
- Innervation: recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)
-
Cricothyroid m
- Action: pulls thyroid cartilage anteriorly (of larynx), tightens vocal ligaments
- Innervation: External Laryngeal n (CN X)
-
Thyroarytenoid m
- Action: pulls thyroid cartilage posteriorly (larynx), slackens vocal ligaments, also ADducts vocal ligaments
- Innervation: Recurrent laryngeal n (CN X)
-
Subcostalis muscles
- Depress ribs
- Span 2 or more ribs
-
Transverse Thoracis muscles
Depress ribs (weak)
-
External oblique m
- Action: flex vertebral column (bilateral); lateral flexion and rotation of vertebral column (unilateral)
- Contralateral rotator
- *External Oblique Aponeurosis - broad tendon; attaches to linea alba at midline
- Innervation: T7-T12
-
Internal oblique m
- Action: antagonist to diaphragm, compress organs pushing them up (bilateral); lateral flexion and rotation (lateral)
- Ipsilateral rotator
- Innervation: T7-T12, L1
-
Rectus abdominis m
- Action: flex lumbar spine, exhalation, increase abdominal pressure
- Innervation: T6-T12
-
Transverse abdominis m
- Action: compress viscera, stabilize thorax and pelvis
- Innervation: T7-T12, L1
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