An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data, manipulate data, and produce information from the processing.
Computer
Computer systems will include the computer along with any_________ that are necessary to make the computer function.
software and peripheral devices
Each computer connected to the system can operate independently, but has the _________ with other external devices and computers.
ability to communicate
(T/F) The basic functional units of computer are made of electronics circuit and it works with electrical signal (analog and digital).
True
(T/F) All the functionalities of computer can be captured with 0 and 1 and its theoretical background corresponds to two valued boolean algebra.
True
The smallest unit of information that is represented in computer
Bit (Binary Digit)
Four bits together
Nibble
Eight bits together
Byte
Refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications.
Computer organization
The chip which acts as a control center for all operations. It executes instructions (a program) which are contained in the memory section.
Central Processing Unit
1.The transfer of data between itself and the memory section
2. Manipulation of data in the memory section or stored internally
3. The transfer of data between itself and input/output devices
Operations of the CPU
The CPU is said to be the ______ of any computer system.
brains
It provides all the ________ signals necessary to transfer data from one point to another in the system
timing and control
Named after the mathematician and early computer scientist John von Neumann
Von Neumann Architecture
Allows instructions and data to be mixed and stored in the same memory module.
Von Neumann Architecture
(T/F) Von Neumann machines have shared signals and memory for code and data. Thus, the program can be easily modified by itself since it is stored in read-write memory.
True
Instructions in memory are executed sequentially unless a program instruction explicitly changes the order
Von Neumann Architecture
A computer architecture with physically separate storage and signal pathways for instructions and data.
Harvard Architecture
The term originated from ______ the relay-based computer, which stored instructions on punched tape (24 bits wide) and data in electro-mechanical counters (23 digits wide).
Harvard Mark I
In a computer using the ________ , the CPU can read both an instruction and perform a data memory access at the same time, even without a cache.
Harvard architecture
Uses separate memory modules for instructions and for data and is easier to pipeline and there are no memory alignment problems.
HarvardArchitecture
(T/F) All the components of a computer are connected by cables
True
A set of wires, that interconnects all the components (subsystems) of a computer
Bus
A communication pathway connecting two or more devices and connects the CPU to main memory on the motherboard.
Bus
The _______ reflects how many bits of information can be sent across each wire each second. This would be analogous to how fast the cars are driving on our analogical highway.
speed of the bus
What do buses look like?
Parallel lines on circuit boards
Ribbon cables
Strip connectors on mother boards
Sets of wires
A collection of wires through which data is transmitted from one part of a computer to another.
Data Bus
Can be thought of as a highway on which data travels within a computer. This bus connects all the computer components to the CPU and main memory.
Data Bus
(T/F) Remember that there is no difference between “data” and “instruction” at this level
True
A collection of wires used to identify particular location in main memory.
Address Bus
Identify the source or destination of data. The information used to describe the memory locations travels along the address bus.
Address Bus
The connections that carry control information between the CPU and other devices within the computer. It carries signals that report the status of various devices.
Control Bus
The one who starts the bus transaction and issues the command (and address)
Master
The one who responds to the address, sends data to the master if the master asks for data and receives data from the master if the master wants to send data.
Slave
The set of rules agreed upon by both the bus master and the bus slave as to how data is to be transferred over the bus.
Bus Protocols
It is used to regulate the flow of information between the devices.
Bus Protocols
The ability of the receiving device to regulate the flow of data from the sending device.
Flow Control
With a _______, data transfers occur in relation to successive edges of the system clock. Inherent in this type of protocol is the assumption that data will arrive within a certain time window. (if it does not, then the data is lost.)
Synchronous Protocol
Transfers bear no particular timing relation to the system clock; transfer can take place at any time
Asynchronous Bus
Additional handshake lines are required in order to guarantee data transfers between master and slave.
Asynchronous Bus
________ transfer, by the way of contrast, only depend on the system clock (the protocol being built into the system).
Synchronous bus
________ are useful when matching the different speeds of the CPU and peripheral chips.
Asynchronous buses
A compromise the two previous bus protocols is found in the semi-synchronous bus, which approaches the speed of synchronous buses, but allows for interfacing to peripheral devices of varying speeds.
Semi- Synchronous bus
Operates essentially as an asynchronous bus until the peripheral devices is ready to transfer, after which the bus becomes synchronous for the duration of the transfer
Semi-Synchronous Bus
Contains data or instructions for the processor to execute
Memory
A device used to store information for use in a computer.
Memory
Also known as main memory or internal memory often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. It is used for storage systems which function at high-speed
Primary Memory
(T/F) The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner.
True
Provides program and data storage that is slow to access but offer higher memory capacity. It is not directly accessible by the CPU, because it is not accessed via the input/output channels
Secondary Memory
Start at the beginning and read through in order
Sequential
Individual blocks have unique address. Access is by jumping to vicinity plus sequential search
Direct
Individual addresses identify locations exactly
Random
Data is located by a comparison with contents of a portion of the store. Access time is independent of location or previous access
