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cheerios258
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Which of the following molecules can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes?
A. macromolecules
B. water
C. glucose
D.ions
E. steroid hormones
E. steroid hormones (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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By definition, biomolecules must _____.
A. contain oxygen
B. contain nitrogen
C. be inorganic
D. contain carbon
D. contain carbon (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Hydrophobic molecules are _____.
A. lipophilic
B. polar
C. soluble in water
D. amphipathic
A. lipophilic (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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DNA is _______________ into RNA.
A. replicated
B. transcribed
C. synthesized
D. translated
B. transcribed (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which of the following may be found in cell membranes?
a. glycoproteins
b. cholesterol
c. fatty acids
d. phospholipids
e. all of the above
e. all of the above
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Protein synthesis requires the participation of which of the following organelles?
A. mitochondria
B. nucleus
C. peroxisomes
D. lysosomes
B. nucleus (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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A protein is coded in the DNA by a _____.
A. codon
B. anti-sense strand
C. gene
d. none of the above
C. gene
Only the sense strand of DNA codes for a protein. (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Direct electrical and metabolic coupling between cells is facilitated by _____.
A. tight junctions
B. desmosomes
C. gap junctions
C. gap junctions
Coupling between cells requires a direct pathway for the transfer of ions or other molecules. (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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DNA replication occurs during which phase of the cell cycle?
A. prophase
B. G2
C. G1
D. S
D. S (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Cell division can be divided into two phases: ___________ and cytokinesis.
A. interphase
B. telophase
C. mitosis
D. anaphase
C. mitosis
Anaphase and telophase are phases within mitosis. Interphase is the period between cell divisions. (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Starch is a polysaccharide found in animal tissue.
a. True
b. False
b. False
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In RNA, adenine forms covalent bonds with thymine.
a. True
b. False
b. False
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Fibrous proteins are often structural elements in cells.
a. True
b. False
a. True
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Mitochondrial DNA is inherited through the maternal line.
a. True
b. False
a. True
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Skin and muscle cells contain large numbers of intermediate filaments.
a. True
b. False
a. True
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The cell membrane is considered to be fluid because the phospholipids and other molecules in the membrane are not linked by chemical bonds.
a. True
b. False
a. True
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A functional protein is translated from introns joined together in an mRNA molecule.
a. True
b. False
a. False
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The first amino acid of a protein is always glutathione.
a. True
b. False
b. False
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A protein without a leader sequence will remain in the nucleus after translation.
a. True
b. False
b. False
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In contrast to DNA, mRNA molecules tend to be short-lived.
a. True
b. False
a. True
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desmosome
filamentous junction between two adjacent cells that provides a strong physical linkage between them; enables tissues to withstand stretching without cells being torn apart from one another
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disaccharide
carbohydrate consisting of two monosaccharides covalently bonded together
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eicosanoids
modified fatty acids (all derived from arachidonic acid) that function in intercellular communication
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endoplasmic reticulum
elaborate network of membranes inside cells that enclose a single interior compartment; includes rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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fatty acids
long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group at on end
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gap junctions
areas where two adjacent cells are connected together by membrane proteins called connexons that form small channels between the cells, enabling ions and small molecules to move freely between them
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gene
section of DNA that codes for a particular protein or proteins
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genetic code
the correspondence between DNA triplets and specific amino acids that governs the expression of all genetic information
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golgi apparatus
an organelle consisting of membrane-bound flattened sacs called cistern that process molecules synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepare them for transport
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glycogen
a glucose polymer found in animal cells; functions as an energy store
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glycerol
three-carbon alcohol that functions as the backbone of a triglyceride or phospholipid
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glucose
most common monosaccharide; provides important source of cellular energy
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helicase
enzyme that causes a section of DNA to unwind during replication
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hydrolysis
use of water to split another molecule
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interphase
period in the life cycle of the cell during which it is carrying on its normal physiological functions
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intermediate filaments
fibrous proteins with a diameter between that of microfilaments and microtubules; stronger and more stable than microfilaments
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integral membrane proteins
proteins that are tightly embedded within the lipid bilayer
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inclusions
cytosolic particles composed of triglycerides or glycogen; serve as energy stress for cellular metabolism
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law of complementary base pairing
- states that whenever two strands of nucleic acids are held together by hydrogen bonds,
- G-C, A-T in DNA (A-U in RNA)
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leader sequence
initial sequence of amino acids that is present in a newly synthesized polypeptide chain and function in directing the fate of the final protein
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lipids
biomolecules that contain primarily carbon and hydrogen atoms linked together by non polar covalent bonds
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lysosomes
small spherical membrane-bound organelles congaing numerous degradative enzymes; involved in the breakdown of unneeded intracellular material or foreign matter that has been taken into the cell
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microtubules
the largest-diameter protein filaments of the cytoskeleton, composed of long, hollow tubes made of tubulin
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microfilaments
the smallest-diameter protein filaments of the cytoskeleton
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metabolism
sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in the body
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
molecule that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; contains the code for the amino acid sequence of a protein
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meiosis
a series of two cell divisions that generate daughter cells (gametes) with half the normal chromosome number; involved in gametogensis
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microvilli
projections of the plasma membrane that increase its surface area; often found in epithelial cells specialized for transport
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monosaccharide
simple sugar composed of a single unit
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mitosis
the type of cell division that yields two daughter cells containing the normal number of chromosomes; necessary for the growth and replacement of cells
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mitochondrial matrix
the innermost compartment in mitochondria, bounded by the inner mitochondrial membrane; contains the krebs cycle enzymes
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nuclear envelope
barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm; consists of two membranes
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nucleotide
a biomolecule containing one or more phosphate groups, a 5-C carbohydrate, a nitrogenous base; involved in energy exchange and in the storage and transmission of genetic information in cells
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nucleic acids
polymers of nucleotides that function in the storage and expression of genetic information; see DNA and RNA
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nuclear pores
pore in the nuclear envelope that allow selective movement of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm
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peroxisomes
spherical membrane-bound organelles that function in the degradation of molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic foreign matter
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