Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?
Photophosphorylation
True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.
False
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?
Proton gradient
True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.
False
Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?
Protons
Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5 . The solution is then adjusted to pH 8 . Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?
ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution.
Identify Chloroplast
A
Identify the stroma
E
Identify the thylakoid
D
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
E. Stroma
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
water ... NADPH
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____
substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation?
ATP
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2
_____ has a longer wavelength than _____.
Red ... green
What process occurs in Box A?
glycolysis
What process occurs within Box B?
the citric acid cycle
What molecule is indicated by the letter D?
oxygen
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
In the citric acid cycle, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
What has the lowest reaction rate?
uncatalyzed reaction
Rank by reaction rate
uncatalyzed, catalyzed reaction a, catalzed reaction b
An enzyme is ______ when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity.
denatured
An enzyme is considered a ______because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up.
catalysis
An enzyme is considered _______because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule.
specific
A _______, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.
cofactor
When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate form an enzyme-substrate (ES)______.
complex
A substrate binds to an enzyme at the _______, where the reaction occurs.
active sight
In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a _______.
substrate
The energy available to do work?
free energy
What are the two types of energy?
Kinetic energy- energy or motion (thermal energy)
Potential energy- energy associated with position for configuration (chemical energy)
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transferred or transformed.
The chemical energy in an electron is based on?
its position relative to the other electrons and protons in nearby atoms.
If an electron is close to negative charges on other electrons and is far from positive charges in the nuclei, it has _____.
high potential energy
The total energy in a molecule is?
enthalpy
A reaction that releases heat energy is?
exothermic
A reaction the takes in heat is?
endothermic
X in a box is the symbol of?
Change
H is a symbol for?
total energy
+ Δ H
endothermic
- Δ H
exothermic
The amount of disorder?
entropy
When the products become less ordered than the reactants, entropy_______.
increases
_______ is used to determine whether a chemical reaction in spontaneous or not.
(G=X H-T X S)
Gibbs free-energy change
Chemical reactions are _______ when [X]G is less than zero.
spontaneous
Chemical reactions are _______ when [X]G is greater than zero
non spontaneous
Higher concentrations and higher temperatures should _______ chemical reactions.
speed up
______breaks down molecules for energy?
catabolic pathways
______ use energy to synthesize molecules.
anabolic pathways
Why does ATP have a lot of potential energy?
4 negative charges repel each other
Why does ADP & P have low potential energy ?
there is less electrical repulsion
The addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called?
Phosphorylation
A catalyzed reaction has a_______ activation energy because there is a enzyme present in the reaction
lower
Un-catalyzed reactions have a ______ activation energy point because there is no enzyme present in the reaction.
higher
______ are catalyst that bring together substrates in a precise orientation that makes reactions more likely.
Enzymes
Enzymes bring together substrate molecules at the ______.
active sight
Enzymes have an optimal _____ and ______
temperature and PH
Why is glucose considered to have a large amount of energy?
because it can be converted to chemical energy in ATP
When a molecule is oxidized it?
loses energy
When a molecule is reduced?
it gains energy
NADH is the electron carrier in?
Glycolysis, pyruvate processing, and the citric acid cycle.
FADH2 is an electron carrier in?
the citric acid cycle
The phosphorylation on APD with the oxidation of NADH AND FADH2 is known as?
oxidative phosphorylation
The chemiosmotic hypothesis states the real job of the the electron transport chain is to?
pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondria to synthasize ATP from ADP and P.
The use of a proton gradient to drive energy-requiring processes such as ATP.
Chemoiosmosis
The Chemical equation for photosynthesis is?
6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy −−>C6H126 + 02 (glucose)
An endergomic redox reaction that produces sugars from carbon dioxide and ATP from sugars.
photosynthesis
A chlorophyll containing organelle, in which photosynthesis occurs.
Chloroplast
Flat sac like structures
Thylakoids
interconnected sacks of thylakoid?
grana
The fluid filled space between the thylakoids and the inner membrane?
stroma
Molecules that absorb only certain wavelenghts of light are?
pigments
Why do pigments have color?
we see the wave lengths they do not absorb
Different pigments absorb different wave lengths of light. True of False
True
Chlorophyll a and b absorbs what colors?
blue and red
Why does chlorophyll appear green?
they reflect green light
carotenoids absorb what color light?
blue and green. thats why they appear yellow, orange, or red.
What is the action spectrum for photosynthesis?
violet to blue and red
The wavelength that drives light capturing reactions is?
the action spectrum
How are light dependent and light independent reactions related?
Light reactions such as ATP and NADPH2 are used in the light independent reaction to produce glucose from C02. ( without the first the other could not occur)
Why do trees change color in autumn?
because there chlorophyll degrades first.
_____ is the co2 fixing enzyme, found in all photosynthetic organisms that use the carbon cycle to fix carbon and is also the most abundant enzyme on earth.
Rubisco
Why is rubisco inefficient?
because it catalyzes CO2 to RUBP
Photoresperation consumes ______ and produces______.
