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all nonmilitary people, age 16+ who are employed of seeking employment.
labor force
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people who are temporarily out of work or are not employed but have looked w/n the last 4 weeks. (have to have looke for a job)
unemployed
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Occupational Trend #1
At the beginning of our nation, few jobs opportunities existed outside of farms
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Occupational trend #2
the industrial revolution
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Occupational Trend #3
1900's brought heavy manufacturing firms
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Occupational Trend #4
mid-1900's brought electronics boom creating new factory jobs
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Occupational Trend #5
1970's exploded the computer age
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The US in losing manufacturing jobs because of the _________ in service jobs
increase
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In the past, most goods _______ in the Us were _________ in the US
used, made
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Because capital and labor are highly mobile, many goods are made in _____________ countries
foreign
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_______moved foreign b/c _________ was cheaper
Jobs,, labor
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education increases productivity, resulting in higher wages
learning effect
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theory that college degree does no increase productivity, but identifies good emplyees because of their innate skills.
screening effect
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__- businesses replacing permanent workers with temporary
contingent employment
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Reasons for contigent employment
- 1. Flexible work arrangements
- 2. Discharging these workers are easier
- 3. some have lower wages and fewer benefits
- 4. Workers prefer the flexibility
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_____ competition has lowered the need for low-skilled workers
foreign
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Wages by jobs are determined simply by ______ and ________
supply, demand
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workers are usually paid on the value of what they produce
productivity
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____ the wage rate that produces neither an exess supply of workers or an excess demand for workers
Equilibrium wage
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4 categories of skill level
- unskilled
- semi skilled
- profession
- skilled
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requires no specialized skills, training, or education
unskilled
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requires minimal specialized skills
semi-skilled
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requires specializes skils and training
skilled
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white collar workers, requires advanced skills and education
professional labor
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_______goes up as the skills go _____
wages ,up
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___can cause a difference/change in your wage
working conditions
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___= Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964-prohibited discrimination based or rac, sex, color, religion, or nationality
Anti-Descrimination laws
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invisible barrier that prevents women/minorities from advancing to the top
glass ceilling
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opponent says it can decrease the quantity demanded(individuals make more, companies hire less)
minimum wage laws
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employers response to wage levels
buy more machines, cut labor
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An organization of workers which tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits.
Labor Union
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___- ger wage increases for members; negotiate wages as a group
key goal
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___nationally tend to earn more money then________
union,nonunion
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____% of American workers are in a labor union
13
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unions founded in response to changes brought about due industrial revolution and the creation of manufacturing jobs
workers in the 1800's
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working conditions
- 1. 12-16 hour days, 7 days a week
- 2. lost sight, hearing and limbs on unsafe equipment
- 3. children as young as five worked
- 4. injured workers often lost jobs
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Causes of Union declines
- 1. Abused power
- 2. links to organized crime
- 3. right to work laws
- 4. loss of manufacturing jobs which employed blue collar workers who earn wages
- 5. increase of white collar jobs, which traditionally nonunion and eran salaries
- 6. Foreign competition has hurt the manufacturing industry
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what year did Unions become legalized
1930
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the process in which union and company representative meen periodically to negotiate a new labor contract
collective bargaining
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strikes
- 1. ultimate union weapon
- 2. must be voted on
- 3. can cripple a company.
- 4. strikebreakers hired to work.
- 5. workers not paid
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a neutral 3rd party comes in and meets with each side to find a solution both can agree on; decision is non binding and neither side is required to accept it
mediation
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a neutral 3rd party who reviews the case and makes a decision that is legally binding to both sides
arbitration
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