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Pectoralis major
- Prox attachment: medial clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages
- Dist attachment: crest of greater tubercle
- Actions: flex humerus (clavicular portion), extend arm from flexed position (sternocostal portion), adduct and medially rotate arm (both together)
- Innervation: lateral pectoral n (C5-C6); medial pectoral n (C8-T1)
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Pectoralis minor
- Prox attachment: Ribs 3-5
- Dist attachment: Coracoid process of scapula
- Actions: rotate glenoid fossa inferiorly, pulls scapula inferiorly and medially
- Innervation: medial pectoral n (C8-T1)
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Subclavius
- Prox attachment: Rib 1
- Dist attachment: Clavicle
- Actions: stabilize clavicle
- Innervation: N. to subclavius (C5-6)
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Serratus Anterior
- Prox attachment: Ribs 1-9
- Dist attachment: medial border of scapula
- Actions: protract and stabilize scapula on trunk, rotates glenoid fossa superiorly
- Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5-7)
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Coracobrachialis
- Prox attachment: coracoid process
- Dist attachment: medial surface of humeral mid shaft
- Actions: flex shoulder, adduct arm
- Innervation: musculocutaneous n (C5-7)
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Biceps Brachii
- Prox attachment: supraglenoid tubercle (long head); coracoid process (short head)
- Dist attachment: radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis
- Actions: flex shoulder, flex elbow, supinate forearm
- Innervation: Musculocutaneous n (C5-6)
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Brachialis
- Prox attachment: distal 1/3 of anterior humerus
- Dist attachment: ulnar tuberosity
- Actions: flex elbow
- Innervation: musculocutaneous n (C5-7); Radial n (C5-7)
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Triceps brachii
- Prox attachment: ingraglenoid tubercle (long head); posterior humeral shaft superior to radial groove (lateral head), posterior humeral shaft inferior to radial groove (medial head)
- Dist attachment: olecranon process
- Actions: extend elbow, extend shoulder (long head only)
- Innervation: Radial n (C6-8, T1)
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Anconeus
- Prox attachment: lateral epicondyle
- Dist attachment: lateral surface of olecranon
- Actions: stabilize elbow, extend elbow
- Innervation: Radial n (C7-C8, T1)
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Pronator Teres
- Prox attachment: coronoid process (ulnar head), medial epicondyle (humeral head)
- Dist attachment: radius
- Actions: pronate forearm, flex forearm
- Innervation: Median n (C6-C7)
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Flexor Carpi Radialis
- Prox attachment: medial epicondyle
- Dist attachment: base of 2nd metacarpal
- Actions: flex wrist, abducts wrist
- Innervation: Median n (C6-C7)
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Palmaris Longus
- Prox attachment: medial epicondyle
- Dist attachment: palmar aponeurosis
- Actions: flex hand, tenses aponeurosis
- Innervation: Median n (C7, C8, T1)
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Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
- Prox attachment: medial epicondyle (humeral head); olecranon and posterior border of ulna (ulnar head)
- Dist attachment: pisiform, 5th metacarpal
- Actions: flex wrist, adduct wrist
- Innervation: Ulnar n (C7-C8)
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Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
- Prox attachment: medial epicondyle and coronoid process (humero-ulnar head), radius (radial head)
- Dist attachment: base of intermediate phalanges ll-V
- Actions: flexes proximal interphalangeal joints, flexes metacarpophalangeal joints, flex wrist
- Innervation: Median n (C7,C8,T1)
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Flexor Digitorum Profundus
- Prox attachment: ulna and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: bases of distal phalanges ll-V
- Actions: flex distal interphalangeal joints, flex proximal interphalangeal joints, flex metacarpophalangeal joints, flex wrist
- Innervation: Ulnar n (medial half, C8-T1),Median n (lateral half, C8-T1)
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Flexor Pollicis Longus
- Prox attachment: radius and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: base of distal phalanx l
- Actions: flex interphalangeal joint l, flex metacarpophalangeal joint l, flex wrist
- Innervation: Median n (C8-T1)
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Pronator Quadratus
- Prox attachment: ulna
- Dist attachment: radius
- Actions: pronate forarm
- Innervation: anterior interosseous n of median n (C8-T1)
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Brachioradialis
- Prox attachment: lateral humerus
- Dist attachment: distal end or radius
- Actions: flex elbow (strongest at mid pronation)
- Innervation: Radial n (C5-C7)
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Supinator
- Prox attachment: lateral epicondyle, ulna, radial ligaments
- Dist attachment: proximal 1/3 of radius
- Actions: supinates forearm
- Innervation: Radial nerve (C5-6)
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Extensor carpi radialis longus
- Prox attachment: above lateral epicondyle
- Dist attachment: base of 2nd metacarpal
- Actions: extend wrist, abduct wrist
- Innervation: radial n (C6-C7)
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Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
- Prox attachment: lateral epicondyle
- Dist attachment: base of 3rd metacarpal
- Actions: extend wrist, abduct wrist
- Innervation: deep branch of radial nerve (C7-8)
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Extensor digitorum
- Prox attachment: lateral epicondyle
- Dist attachment: extensor expansions ll-V
- Actions: extend MP and IP joints ll-V, extend wrist
- Innervation: radial n (C7-8)
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Extensor digiti minimi
- Prox attachment: lateral epicondyle
- Dist attachment: extensor expansion V
- Actions: extend MP and IP joints V, extend wrist
- Innervation: radial n (C7-8)
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Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
- Prox attachment: lateral epicondyle and posterior border of ulna
- Dist attachment: base of 5th metacarpal
- Actions: extend wrist, adduct wrist
- Innervation: radial n (C7-8)
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Abductor Pollicis Longus
- Prox attachment: ulna, radius, and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: base of 1st metacarpal
- Actions: abduct pollex, extend CMC joint of pollex
- Innervation: radial n (C7-8)
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Extensor pollicis brevis
- Prox attachment: radius and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: base of proximal phalanx l
- Actions: abduct polled, extend CMC and MP joints of pollen
- Innervation:radial n (C7-8)
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Extensor Pollicis Longus
- Prox attachment: ulna and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: base of distal phalanx l
- Actions: extends CMC, MP, and IP joints l
- Innervation: radial n (C7-8)
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Extensor indicis
- Prox attachment: ulna and interosseous membrane
- Dist attachment: extensor expansion ll
- Actions: Extend MP and IP joints l, extend wrist
- Innervation: radial n (C7-8)
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Thenar muscles
- Muscles: abductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis
- Location: bellies form thenar eminence
- Innervation: motor recurrent branch of median n (C8-T1); flexor pollicis brevis also receives innervation from ulnar n (C8-T1)
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Hypothenar muscles
- Muscles: abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, opponens dititi minimi
- Location: bellies of hypothenar eminence
- Innervation: deep branch of ulnar n (C8-T1)
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Adductor pollicis
- Transverse head and oblique head
- Location: deep to hypothenar muscles; superficial to interosseous muscles
- Innervation: ulnar n (C8-T1)
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Lumbricals
- Prox attachments: tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
- Dist attachments: extensor expansion
- Actions: simultaneously extend IP joints and flex MCP joints
- Innervation: Median n (lateral 2 lumbricals), deep branch of ulnar n (medial 2 lumbricals) C8-T1
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Interosseous muscles
- Muscles: palmar interosseous (3; adduct digits ll, lV, & V), dorsal interosseous (4; abduct digits ll, lll, & lV)
- Location: between adjacent metacarpals, tendons attach distally to extensor expansion
- Innervation: deep branch of ulnar n (C8-T1)
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Palmaris brevis
- Prox attachment: flexor retinaculum and palmar aponeurosis
- Dist attachment: skin of palm
- Actions: Steadies and corrugates skin of palm to help with grip
- Innervation: ulnar n (C8-T1)
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