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Latissimus Dorsi
- Prox insertion: anterior surface of humeral shaft
- Dist insertion: ??
- Actions: adducts, extends, & medially rotates arm
- Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)
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Trapezius
- Prox insertion: midline from occipital protuberance along spinous processes to T12
- Dist insertion: lateral 1/3 clavicle, scapular spine
- Actions: elevate scapula, rotate glenoid superiorly (upper)
- retract scapula (middle)
- depress scapula, rotate glenoid inferiorly (lower)
- Innervation: Accessory nerve (Xl) (just deep to traps)
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Levator scapulae
- Prox insertion: craniomedial corner of scapula
- Dist insertion: C3-5
- Actions: elevate and retract scapula
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C3-C5)
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Rhomboid minor
- Prox insertion: medial border of scapula
- Dist insertion: C7-T2
- Actions: elevate and retract scapula
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)
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Rhomboid major
- Prox insertion: medial border of scapula
- Dist insertion: T2-5
- Actions: elevate and retract scapula
- Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5)
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Serratus anterior
- Prox insertion: ribs
- Dist insertion: medial border of scapula
- Actions: works with traps to raise arm; holds scapula to rib cage; "push up" muscle
- Innervation: Long thoracic nerve (C5, 6, 7)
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Deltoid
- Prox insertion: lateral 1/3 of clavicle (anterior), acromion (medial), scapular spine (posterior)
- Dist insertion: deltoid tuberosity (humerus)
- Actions: flexes and medially rotates arm (anterior)
- abducts arm (medial)
- extends and laterally rotates arm (posterior)
- Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5-C6) (terminal branch of brachial plexus)
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Supraspinatus
- Prox insertion: supraspinous fossa
- Dist insertion: greater tuberosity (humerus)
- Actions: abduction of arm
- Innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)
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Infraspinatus
- Prox insertion: infraspinous fossa
- Dist insertion: greater tuberosity (humerus)
- Actions: external rotation
- Innervation: suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)
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Teres Minor
- Prox insertion: lateral border of scapula
- Dist insertion: greater tuberosity (humerus)
- Actions: external rotation, weak adduction
- Innervation: axillary nerve (C5-C6)
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Subscapularis
- Prox insertion: subscapular fossa
- Dist insertin: lesser tuberosity (humerus)
- Actions: internal rotation
- Innervation: upper and lower subscapular nn. (C5-C6)
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Splenius Capitis
- Prox attachment: Cervical spinous processes
- Dist attachment: Nuchal line and mastoid process
- Actions: Extends head/neck (bilateral), flex and rotate head to same side (unilateral)
- Innervation: Dorsal Rami (cervical)
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Splenius Cervicis
- Prox attachment: Spinous processes of T3-T6
- Dist attachment: C1/C2 transverse processes
- Actions: Extends head/neck (bilateral), flex and rotate head to same side (unilateral)
- Innervation: Dorsal Rami (cervical)
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Obliquus capitis inferior
- Prox attachment: spinous process of C2
- Dist attachment: transverse process of C1
- Actions: extend head (bilaterally); rotate head to same side (unilaterally)
- Innervation: dorsal rami C1 (suboccipital nerve)
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Obliquus capitis superior
- Prox attachment: transverse process of C1
- Dist attachment: inferior nuchal line
- Actions: extend head (bilaterally); rotate head to opposite side (unilateral)
- Innervation: dorsal rami C1 (suboccipital nerve)
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Rectus capitis posterior major
- Prox attachment: spinous process of C2
- Dist attachment: inferior nuchal line
- Actions: extend head (bilaterally); rotate head to same side (unilaterally)
- Innervation: dorsal rami C1 (suboccipital nerve)
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Rectus capitis posterior minor
- Prox attachment: posterior tubercle of C1
- Dist attachment: Inferior nuchal line (inner 1/3)
- Actions: extend head (bilaterally); rotate head to same side (unilaterally)
- Innervation: dorsal rami C1 (suboccipital nerve)
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Iliocostalis (cervicis, thoracis, lumborum)
- Erector Spinae
- Prox attachment: sacrum, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia
- Dist attachment: ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, cervical and lumbar v
- Actions: extend head/neck/spine (bilateral); laterally bend spine to same side (unilateral)
- Innervation: L1-3
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Longissimus (capitis, cervicis, thoracis)
- Erector spinae
- Prox attachment: sacrum, iliac crest, lumbar, thoracic, cervical v
- Dist attachment: 2-12 ribs, lumbar, thoracic, cervical v, and mastoid process
- Actions: extend head/neck/spine (bilateral); laterally bend spine to same side (unilateral)
- Innervation: L1-3
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Spinalis (cervicis and thoracis)
- Erector spinae
- Prox attachment: spinous processes of C5-T2 and T10-L3
- Dist attachment: spinous processes of C2-C5 and T2-T8
- Actions: extend head/neck/spine (bilateral); laterally bend spine to same side unilateral)
- Innervation: L1-3
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Semispinalis thoracis, capitis, and cervicis
- Prox attachment: transverse processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae
- Dist attachment: spinous processes of cervical and thoracic vertebrae (more superior)
- Actions: extend spine and head (bilateral); bend to same side/rotate opposite side (unilateral)
- Innervation: dorsal rami spinal nerves
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Transversospinalis Rotatores
- Attachments: between spinous and transverse processes
- Actions: extend spine (bilateral); rotate opposite side (unilateral)
- Innervation: dorsal rami spinal nerves
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Transversospinalis multifidus
- Attachments: between transverse and spinous processes of vertebrae
- Extends from sacrum to cervical vertebrae but most dev. in lumbar region
- Actions: extend spine (bilateral); flex spine same side/rotate opposite side (unilateral)
- Innervation: L1-5
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Teres major
- Prox attachment: inferior angle of scapula
- Dist attachment: humerus
- Actions: extension, medial rotation, adduction of humerus
- Innervation: subscapular nerve (C5-C6)
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Quadratus Lumborum
- Prox attachment: iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament
- Dist attachment: 12th rib and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
- Actions: depress rib cage (bilateral); lateral flexion of spine (unilateral)
- Innervation: T12, L1-4
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