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What is Respiration?
It involves the passage of oxygen into the blood.
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What does the upper airway consist of?
Nose> nasal cohonche>Sinus Mouth Pharynx> layrnx and vocal cords.
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What does the lower airway consist of
trachea, bronchi, bronchi oles and lungs.
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what nerves innervate the intercostal muscles
thoracic spinal nerves
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What is the hearing-breur reflex
it prevents the lungs from over inflating
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What are some life threatening Respiratory emergencies
5things.
Altered mental status with any difficulty of breathing
Stridor
Labored breathing with tachycardia and diaphoresis
increase respiratory rate and Heart rate
Bradycardia,cyanosis, two-three word dyspnea, and accessory muscles means arrest is coming.
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What is the hearing-breuer complex
causes a bronchospasm a spasm of the smooth muscles of the bronchioles
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What is the Fick principle
- is a measurement of Cardiac output.
- the appropriate amount of oxygen across the capillary membrane. and adequate tissue perfusion.
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What is tactile Fremitus?
When you feel a vibration in their chest while speaking? usually common in pneumonia.
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What measure the Peak expiratory flow rate
its used to measure asthma sevarity. its called wrights meter.
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what are common signs and symptoms of pnumonia?
Yellow sputum, streaked with blood.rales and wheezing in the lower lobes. chest pains can also be another.
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What is usually the case with:sudden onset onset of dyspnea, Choking and cyanosis
Foreign body obstruction
If the kid is over 8 and you can see the object then reach the back of their mouth. If it does not work then use 100% o2 on the BVM
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What is usually the case with: usually sudden onset of your kids being looking scary, high fever, audible stridor, Dry bark cough and cant swallow. Drool like crazy, and tripod themselves.
It epiglottits usually cant do much. support their position, and use blow by oxygen. call hospital early.
also in epiglottis you are unable to swallow. in croup they can.
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What is usually the case with: Seal like barking dry cough. may or may not have a fever horse cry and no specific drooling.
- Croup
- Spasmodic croup usually has NO fever and viral usually has a croup. but same treatment. use blow by oxygen and make sure the have sufficent tital volume and oxygen.
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What is usually the case with: Wheezes, Rhonchi, Increased shortness of breath, increased phlegm production.
- COPD
- Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchospasms and emphysema.
Usually try to get their oxygen to 90-95%. maitain a good rate and hopefully it will stop.
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What is usually the case with: New oset of prouctive cough, thick sputum, diminished breath sounds in one or both lungs and are febrile.
It is Pneumonia. Usually all you can do is give o2 to prevent Hypoxia.
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What is usually the case with:pursed lip breathing Pulmonary edema happens when fluid collects in the fluid spaces of the lungs. and the biggest reason for that is right sided heart failure.
- Heart failure
- they do not have enough oxygenated blood coming out of the heart to keep the tissue per fused.
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What is usually the case with: pink frothy sputum, pale, periphreal edema, JVD and rales in all fields
Pulmonary edema. usually due to oxygen not being pumped out the heart. due to right sided heart failure.
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How do you treat heart failure?
- 1- maintain oxygen and ventilation
- 2- if unstable then 0.4 nitro up to three times and reduce the cardiac workload.
- and three
- 3-IV access
- 4-vitals.
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what medications are prescribed for COPD?
- Anticholinergics for mucous productions
- corticosterioids to reduce inflammation
- beta agonists for exacerbation
- predisone.
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what are some complications with suctioning a previously intubated patient.
- 1- hypoxia
- 2-vagal stimulation
- 3-infection
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what should be the first thing you do for a complete airway obstruction
open mouth check airway...attempt to clear throat by coughing. then perform the Heimlich maneuver
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what are the signs and symptoms for a complete airway obstruction?
- -rapidly developing hypoxia
- -cyanosis
- -inability to speak or cough
- -no air movement.
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how is positive pressure ventilation different from normal respiration?
in normal respiration the air is sucked in by negative pressure and in positive its being forced in.
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What is the average size of a LMA
About 5-6 for men and about 4 to 6 for women
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How do you know if you placed a king Airway correctly
You go as far and tell their teeth line up with the flange of the Airways
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A penetrating injury to the trachea or mainstem bronchus would most likely present
Is subcutaneous emphysema
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What three things should you be worried about when it comes to positive pressure ventilation
- Hyperventilation
- gastric insufflation
- and increased intrathoracic pressure leading to decrease preload
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what are 5 signs that shows increased work of breathing?
- Increased RR
- tripod positioning
- tachycardia
- accesory muscle use
- fatigue
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what is the height requirements for a dual lumen airway?
when using a dual lumen the paitent must be at least 5 feet tall. use the small adult on with paitents between 5'6 and 4'
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what is cellular respiration
the process that occur in cells to convert biomechanical energy from nutrients into adenosine and then relese waste products
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what is the appropriarte rate to ventilate an apneic adult with a pulse
10-12 bpm
12-20 for kids
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what can overventilating a paitent cause?
gastric distention and decreased preload causing hypotension
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what is alveolar volume?
alveolar volume is the total mount of air that reaches the level of the alveoli during external respiration.
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under normal circumstances what kind of pressure is in the chest during the inspiritory phase.
negative. positive pressure is created to facilitate exhalation
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what is minute volume?
amount of gas in and out in a min
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