-
Ovulation takes place in the ________.
Ovary
-
Fertilization takes place in the _______.
Fallopian tube
-
Implantation takes place in the ________.
Uterus
-
Animals/insects capable of asexual reproduction:
- Whiptail lizard
- Ants
- Bees
- Turkeys
-
Mifepristone blocks ________ which is needed for pregnancy to continue.
Progesterone
(abortion pill)
-
Thalidomide caused...
Birth defects in children during 1950's - 60's.
-
Birth control pill works by...
stopping ovulation.
-
Uterine contractions are caused by ______.
Oxytocin
-
Heat loss or gain by direct contact
Conduction
-
Heat loss or gain by fluid movement
Convection
-
Heat loss or gain by electromagnetic energy
Radiation
-
Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
-
Nephrons functions:
- Filtration
- Secretion
- Reabsorption
-
-
- Defective V2 Receptor
- Can't pull water back
- Causes excessive urination
Diabetes insipidus
-
Melatonin
Regulates sleep cycles
-
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose
-
Glucagon
Raises blood glucose
-
-
-
Prolactin
Milk production
-
ACTH
Long term stress response
-
Growth hormone
Muscle and bone growth
-
Posterior Pituitary gland releases:
-
Middle Pituitary gland releases:
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
-
Anterior Pituitary gland releases:
- Growth hormone
- FSH/LH
- TSH
- ACTH
- Prolactin
- Endorphins
-
Thyroxin (T3, T4) increases....
Metabolism
-
Immune system destroys beta cells
Type I Diabetes mellitus
-
Receptor becomes insensitive to insulin
Type II Diabetes mellitus
-
Antibodies attack thyroxin producing area
Hashimoto's disease
-
Antibodies stimulate TSH receptors; Increase metabolism
Graves disease
-
Parathyroid releases:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - raises blood calcium
-
Pancreas - Alpha Cells release:
Glucagon - raises blood glucose
-
Pancreas - Beta Cells release:
Insulin - lower blood glucose
-
Antibodies attack 21-Hydroxylase
Addison's disease
-
21-Hydroxylase
is used to make cortisol
-
Epinephrine
- Increases HR
- Increases glucose
- Increases BP
-
Cortisol
- Increases Glucose
- Increases HR
- Lowers Immune response
-
Aldosterone
- Increases NA+
- Increases H2O
- Increases BP
-
Long term stress response releases _______.
ACTH
-
Short term stress releases _______.
Epinephrine
-
Pineal gland releases:
Melatonin - regulates sleep cycles
-
Hypothalamus' function:
Releasing hormones; tells other when to release
-
Protein hormone
Hook up outside cell
Example: Insulin; ADH
-
Steroid hormone
Enter the cell which then activates a gene
Example: Estrogen; Testosterone
-
Usually carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
Arteries
Exceptions: Pulmonary artery; umbilical artery
-
Usually carry oxygen poor blood to the heart
Veins
Exceptions: Pulmonary vein; Umbilical vein
-
Site of diffusion
Capillaries
-
Blood is composed of:
- 55% Plasma - H2o, NaCl, Clotting factors
- 45% Cells
-
Clotting Pathway:
- Wound
- ↓ ↓
- Tissue Factor + Factor 7
- ↓ ↓
- 11 ⇉ 9 + 8 ⇉ 10 + 5 = Prothrombinase
- needs Calcium + active vit. K
- Prothrombin (inactive)=Thrombin (active)
- stimulates platelet plug- collagen-W (Von Willerbrand's factor)
- ↓ (Thrombin) ↓
- Fibrinogen (inactive) ⇉ Fibrin (active)
- ↓
- forms polymers + 13 = Scab
-
Hemophilia A:
Missing factor 8
-
Hemophilia B
Missing factor 9
-
Hemophilia C
Missing factor 11
-
Birds have...
Air sacs for more oxygen storage
-
Fish use __________ gas exchange.
Countercurrent
-
For thermoregulation weak endotherms, such as the great white shark and blue fin tuna, use ______________.
countercurrent heat exchange.
-
Digestion starts...
in the mouth.
-
-
Most digestion & absorption take place in the:
Small intestine
-
Digestive system is made up of:
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine- pancreas, live, gall bladder
- Large intestine
-
Salivary gland - Parotid releases:
- Amylase - Starch digestion
- Lipase - Fat digestion
-
Stomach is made up of:
- Mucus cells
- Chief cells - Pepsinogen (inactive)
- Parietal cells - H+ (acid)
- Ec cells - Histamine
- G cells - Gastrin
-
Pepsinogen (inactive) + H+ =
Pepsin (active)
starts the breakdown of proteins
-
Protein digestion starts in the...
Stomach
-
-
-
Pancreas releases:
- Amylase
- Lipase
- Trypsin - protein digestion
- Chemotrypsin - " "
- DNAase
-
Foregut fermenters:
- Reticulo rumen - bacterial fermentation
- Omasum - H20 absorption
- Abomasum - Enzyme digestion
Examples: cows, deer, camels
-
B cells
Make antibodies (IgE)
-
Nervous system made up of:
- Neuron
- Oligodendrocyte - produces myelin sheath in CNS
- Schwann cell - Produces myelin sheath in PNS
- Microglia - Immune cells of brain
- Astrocyte - regulates firing of neurons
-
Produces myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocyte
-
Produces myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cell
-
Immune cells of brain
Microglia
-
Regulates firing of neurons
Astrocyte
-
Immune cells attack myelin sheath
Multiple Sclerosis
-
Virus that attacks oligodendrocytes
JC virus
-
Tetrodo Txin
Blocks NA+ channels; Causes paralysis
Produced by puffer fish, blue ring octopus, rough skinned newt
-
Botulinum toxin
Prevents neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) release
Botox
-
Cerebrum controls:
- Reasoning
- Higher learning
- Most emotion
-
Cerebellum controls:
Coordination of fine movement
-
Hypothalamus controls:
Hunger and thirst
-
Hippocampus controls:
- The movement of short term memory to long term
- Spatial navigation
-
-
Amygdala controls:
Traumatic emotions such as fear, rage
-
Males vs. Females: Traumatic Events
- Females remember specifics
- Males remember the gist
-
In females estrogen releases dopamine in...
the drug seeking areas of the brain.
-
Spinal cord:
- Relays to forebrain
- Controls movement
- Controls reflexes
-
Peripheral Nervous system is made up of:
Voluntary & Involuntary (autonomic)
- Voluntary - skeletal muscle
- Involuntary - parasympathetic; sympathetic
-
Acetylcholine
- Muscle - contraction
- Brain - memory
-
Neurotransmitters:
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- GABA
- Glutamine
-
Serotonin
Mood regulation
-
Dopamine
- Fine movement
- Desire for reward (Pleasure)
-
Cholinesterase
Breaks down acetylcholine
-
Too little serotonin
Clinical depression
-
Too much serotonin
Serotonin Syndrome
-
Stimulators of H2A receptors:
-
Too little dopamine
Parkinson's
-
Too much dopamine
Schizophrenia
-
Affects dopamine receptors (DAT):
- Cocaine
- Amphetamine
- Adderall/Ritalin
-
GABA
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
-
Stimulus of GABA receptors:
- Valium
- Librium
- Xanax
- Ambien
- Lunesta
- Pentobarbital
-
Glutamine
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain
Long term potentiation - learning
-
-
-
Cholinesterase blockers
- Sarin - nerve gas; muscle
- Pricept - brain; Alzheimer's
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