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tiffanyargo
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Ovulation takes place in the ________.
Ovary
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Fertilization takes place in the _______.
Fallopian tube
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Implantation takes place in the ________.
Uterus
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Animals/insects capable of asexual reproduction:
- Whiptail lizard
- Ants
- Bees
- Turkeys
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Mifepristone blocks ________ which is needed for pregnancy to continue.
Progesterone
(abortion pill)
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Thalidomide caused...
Birth defects in children during 1950's - 60's.
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Birth control pill works by...
stopping ovulation.
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Uterine contractions are caused by ______.
Oxytocin
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Heat loss or gain by direct contact
Conduction
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Heat loss or gain by fluid movement
Convection
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Heat loss or gain by electromagnetic energy
Radiation
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Functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
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Nephrons functions:
- Filtration
- Secretion
- Reabsorption
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- Defective V2 Receptor
- Can't pull water back
- Causes excessive urination
Diabetes insipidus
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Melatonin
Regulates sleep cycles
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Insulin
Lowers blood glucose
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Glucagon
Raises blood glucose
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Prolactin
Milk production
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ACTH
Long term stress response
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Growth hormone
Muscle and bone growth
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Posterior Pituitary gland releases:
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Middle Pituitary gland releases:
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
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Anterior Pituitary gland releases:
- Growth hormone
- FSH/LH
- TSH
- ACTH
- Prolactin
- Endorphins
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Thyroxin (T3, T4) increases....
Metabolism
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Immune system destroys beta cells
Type I Diabetes mellitus
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Receptor becomes insensitive to insulin
Type II Diabetes mellitus
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Antibodies attack thyroxin producing area
Hashimoto's disease
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Antibodies stimulate TSH receptors; Increase metabolism
Graves disease
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Parathyroid releases:
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - raises blood calcium
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Pancreas - Alpha Cells release:
Glucagon - raises blood glucose
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Pancreas - Beta Cells release:
Insulin - lower blood glucose
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Antibodies attack 21-Hydroxylase
Addison's disease
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21-Hydroxylase
is used to make cortisol
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Epinephrine
- Increases HR
- Increases glucose
- Increases BP
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Cortisol
- Increases Glucose
- Increases HR
- Lowers Immune response
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Aldosterone
- Increases NA+
- Increases H2O
- Increases BP
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Long term stress response releases _______.
ACTH
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Short term stress releases _______.
Epinephrine
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Pineal gland releases:
Melatonin - regulates sleep cycles
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Hypothalamus' function:
Releasing hormones; tells other when to release
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Protein hormone
Hook up outside cell
Example: Insulin; ADH
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Steroid hormone
Enter the cell which then activates a gene
Example: Estrogen; Testosterone
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Usually carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
Arteries
Exceptions: Pulmonary artery; umbilical artery
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Usually carry oxygen poor blood to the heart
Veins
Exceptions: Pulmonary vein; Umbilical vein
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Site of diffusion
Capillaries
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Blood is composed of:
- 55% Plasma - H2o, NaCl, Clotting factors
- 45% Cells
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Clotting Pathway:
- Wound
- ↓ ↓
- Tissue Factor + Factor 7
- ↓ ↓
- 11 ⇉ 9 + 8 ⇉ 10 + 5 = Prothrombinase
- needs Calcium + active vit. K
- Prothrombin (inactive)=Thrombin (active)
- stimulates platelet plug- collagen-W (Von Willerbrand's factor)
- ↓ (Thrombin) ↓
- Fibrinogen (inactive) ⇉ Fibrin (active)
- ↓
- forms polymers + 13 = Scab
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Hemophilia A:
Missing factor 8
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Hemophilia B
Missing factor 9
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Hemophilia C
Missing factor 11
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Birds have...
Air sacs for more oxygen storage
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Fish use __________ gas exchange.
Countercurrent
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For thermoregulation weak endotherms, such as the great white shark and blue fin tuna, use ______________.
countercurrent heat exchange.
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Digestion starts...
in the mouth.
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Most digestion & absorption take place in the:
Small intestine
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Digestive system is made up of:
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small intestine- pancreas, live, gall bladder
- Large intestine
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Salivary gland - Parotid releases:
- Amylase - Starch digestion
- Lipase - Fat digestion
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Stomach is made up of:
- Mucus cells
- Chief cells - Pepsinogen (inactive)
- Parietal cells - H+ (acid)
- Ec cells - Histamine
- G cells - Gastrin
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Pepsinogen (inactive) + H+ =
Pepsin (active)
starts the breakdown of proteins
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Protein digestion starts in the...
Stomach
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Pancreas releases:
- Amylase
- Lipase
- Trypsin - protein digestion
- Chemotrypsin - " "
- DNAase
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Foregut fermenters:
- Reticulo rumen - bacterial fermentation
- Omasum - H20 absorption
- Abomasum - Enzyme digestion
Examples: cows, deer, camels
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B cells
Make antibodies (IgE)
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Nervous system made up of:
- Neuron
- Oligodendrocyte - produces myelin sheath in CNS
- Schwann cell - Produces myelin sheath in PNS
- Microglia - Immune cells of brain
- Astrocyte - regulates firing of neurons
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Produces myelin sheath in CNS
Oligodendrocyte
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Produces myelin sheath in PNS
Schwann cell
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Immune cells of brain
Microglia
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Regulates firing of neurons
Astrocyte
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Immune cells attack myelin sheath
Multiple Sclerosis
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Virus that attacks oligodendrocytes
JC virus
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Tetrodo Txin
Blocks NA+ channels; Causes paralysis
Produced by puffer fish, blue ring octopus, rough skinned newt
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Botulinum toxin
Prevents neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) release
Botox
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Cerebrum controls:
- Reasoning
- Higher learning
- Most emotion
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Cerebellum controls:
Coordination of fine movement
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Hypothalamus controls:
Hunger and thirst
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Hippocampus controls:
- The movement of short term memory to long term
- Spatial navigation
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Amygdala controls:
Traumatic emotions such as fear, rage
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Males vs. Females: Traumatic Events
- Females remember specifics
- Males remember the gist
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In females estrogen releases dopamine in...
the drug seeking areas of the brain.
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Spinal cord:
- Relays to forebrain
- Controls movement
- Controls reflexes
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Peripheral Nervous system is made up of:
Voluntary & Involuntary (autonomic)
- Voluntary - skeletal muscle
- Involuntary - parasympathetic; sympathetic
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Acetylcholine
- Muscle - contraction
- Brain - memory
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Neurotransmitters:
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- GABA
- Glutamine
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Serotonin
Mood regulation
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Dopamine
- Fine movement
- Desire for reward (Pleasure)
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Cholinesterase
Breaks down acetylcholine
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Too little serotonin
Clinical depression
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Too much serotonin
Serotonin Syndrome
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Stimulators of H2A receptors:
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Too little dopamine
Parkinson's
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Too much dopamine
Schizophrenia
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Affects dopamine receptors (DAT):
- Cocaine
- Amphetamine
- Adderall/Ritalin
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GABA
Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain
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Stimulus of GABA receptors:
- Valium
- Librium
- Xanax
- Ambien
- Lunesta
- Pentobarbital
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Glutamine
Major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain
Long term potentiation - learning
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Cholinesterase blockers
- Sarin - nerve gas; muscle
- Pricept - brain; Alzheimer's
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