HBS Final Review

False: Superior refers to an object being above the other. The femur in the leg is below the radius in the arm. Therefore, the true statement is the radius is superior to the femur.

• Epithelial- covers organs
• Muscle- makes up muscles
• Connective- adipose (fat), blood, bone
• Nervous- includes neurons that create signals in the body

DNA samples (negatively charged due to phosphates) are placed in wells, near a negative electrode.  Smaller bits are lighter and travel faster towards the positive electrode, so the bits get separated by size.

Sensory- Info from eyes and ears go directly to the brain, while in the lower body, the PNS receives info, sends it to the spinal cord, then to the brain stem, and finally, the brain. If a reaction is needed, the brain sends signals to the spinal cord, back to the PNS, that signals the muscles to move.

The NA+/K+ pumps positive ions out of the membrane, causing the inside to be negative and the outside to be positive.

Target cells have receptors that hormones fit into.

A food item is burned to break the chemical bonds in the compounds that make up the food and the energy from the bonds is turned into heat that is captured in water. One calorie is  the amount of heat energy that will raise 1 g of water 1ºC.

• 1) Salivary glands start breaking down food using amylase.
• 2) Bolus (soft mass of food) travels down pharynx.
• 3) Esophagus pushes food down using peristalsis.
• 4) Food is broken down into nutrients in stomach.
• 5) Bile secreted by liver is stored in gall bladder and passed on to small intestine to break down fats.
• 6) Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine.
• 7) Small intestine absorbs nutrients into bloodstream.
• 8) Large intestine absorbs water and produces feces.

• Type 1: pancreas doesn't produce insulin
• Type 2: pancreas secrets insulin but cells reject it

True: Adduction is movement towards the body.

• Cardiac (involuntary) - heart
• Smooth (involuntary) - small intestine
• Skeletal (voluntary) - biceps

• Arteries- three thick walls due to high pressure
• Capillaries- thin walls to allow the exchange of materials
• Veins- three layer walls with valves to prevent backflow as blood is pumped back to the heart

• 1) epidermis
• 2) dermis
• 3) hypodermis

• Comminuted- crushed into several pieces
• Greenstick- incomplete break

False: B-Cells identify the antigen, then trigger T-Cells that eliminate the infected cells.