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Homestead Act
offered 160 acres of free land to any citizen, 600,000 famileis took offer
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Development of steel
Henry Bessemer developed Bessemer Process to easily and rapidly make steel, such as for construction of bridges and skyscrapers
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Railroads
- Central Pacific hired Chinese, Union Pacific hired Irish & Civil War veterans
- 2,000 killed and 20,000 injured
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Pullman, Illinois
George Pullman built a factory for making sleeper cars in Chicago, Illinois in 1880
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Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin (natural selection), Herbert Spencer (evolution of human), William Sumner (success/failure in business)
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Business consolidation
Merger (buys off another) Monopoly (complete control of wages, production prices) Holding Company (does nothing but buy stock) and Trust (stock over a group of trustees who run separate companies as one)
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Robber Barons
multimillionaires industrialists who achieved their wealth through "questionable means"
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Captains of Industry
charitable contribution of their wealth
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Sherman Antitrust Act
1890, illegal to form a trust between states and countries interfering with free trade.
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Populism
1892 Nebraska proposed reforms to increase money, popular vote, and eight hour workday (farmers and laborers)
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Election of 1896
William Mckinley (Republican) - Gold Standard vs. William Jennings Bryan (dEmocrat) - Bimetallism and "cross of Gold" speech
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Early labor unions and leaders
NLU, CNLU, AFL (Samuel Gompers), ARU (Eugene Debs), IWW (William "Big Bill" Haywood)
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Early strikes and results/effect
Great strike of 1877 (Railroad), Haymarket Affair (bomb thrown, public hate), Homestead Strike (Pinkertons/scabs/Pensylvania National Guard), Pullman Company Strike (President Cleveland sent federal troops)
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Mary Harris Jones
"Mother" ones, UMW (United Mine of Workers), march of 80 children with injuries to President Roosevelt, influenced child labor laws
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Limiting power of unions
Yellow Dog Contract, fired employers to swear not to join a union
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ILGWU
International Ladies Garment WOrkers Union, by 16 year old Pauline Newman, who supported the "Uprising of 20,000"
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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
146 women burned in a sweatshop
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Working conditions
12 hours or more, 6 or 7 days, children/women in sweatshop (27 cents) , and 675 workers died every week
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