Bio Exam 4

• Clumped: Plants near water source
• Uniform: Plants equally spread out
• Random

External factors cause death

• Is weather caused
• High insects during summer months

Caused by resources being consumed; population levels too high

Logistic growth: graph that shows steady increase followed by flattened line (carrying capacity) which may or may not then lead to a drop

• Fossil records
• Comparative anatomy - homologous structures
• Comparative embryology - similarity in embryos between species
• Molecular biology
• Biogeography - similarity of species

• Natural process
• Requires 100,000 yrs to occur

• Wolf-like:
• ↳Wolf
• ↳Coyote
• ↳Fox
• ↳Dog

• Humans serve as the environment
• Requires 1,000 yrs to occur

• Examples:
• Dog breeds
• Cat breeds
• Cattle breeds
• Plants

• Bottleneck Effect
• Founder Effect

hunters kill genetic diversity

a few leave population and start new population

Isolated population; no migration

Is the change in allele frequencies that occurs over time within a population.

Mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow, and genetic drift.

• Stabilizing
• Directional
• Disruptive

favors intermediates (the average)

Favors one extreme (light vs dark)

Most common

favors two extremes

diversifying

• Smog from industrial revolution caused directional selection
• dark survived, light were killed

A principle stating that the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors. When mating is random in a large population with no disruptive circumstances, the law predicts that both genotype and allele frequencies will remain constant because they are in equilibrium.

• Large population
• No natural selection
• No mutation
• Random mating
• No gene flow
• No genetic drift

• 
• p+q=1

• P: Dominate gene
• q: Recessive gene

• Temporal - time
• Habitat
• Mechanical - plants pollinated by birds
• Behavioral - mating rituals
• Gametic - sex cells incompatible (eggs/sperm)

• Hybrid sterility
• Hybrid inviability - aborts
• Hybrid breakdown - f1 ok, f2 breaks down (sterile)

• Mule - sterile
• Liger - female not sterile
• Leopon
• Cama - llama + camel
• Zorse
• Wholphin

• Allopatril - due to geography
• Sympatril - due to complete nondisjunction (polyploid)
• Adaptive radiation - traveling

due to geography

due to complete nondisjunction (polyploid)

• Species travel from different locations and turns into new species
• Birds w/ correct adaptations survive

Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosomes. Most species whose cells have nuclei (Eukaryotes) are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent.

Changes occur slowly

Changes occur quickly

• Species diversity
• Type of vegetation
• Stability - how fast does it recover from disaster
• Trophic structures - feeding levels

•             ⇑⇑⇑⇑⇑
• Tertiary Consumer (snakes)
•             ⇑⇑⇑⇑⇑
• Secondary Consumer (frogs)
•             ⇑⇑⇑⇑⇑
• Primary Consumer (insects)
•             ⇑⇑⇑⇑⇑
•      Producer (plants)

The specific area where an organism inhabits.

• No 2 species can occupy the same niche
•  Examples;
• Paramecia
• Dingo vs. Thylacine
• Homo Neaderthalensis vs. Homo Sapiens

• Parasitism
• Commensalism
• Mutualism

One benefits; Other is harmed

• Examples:
• Leeches
• Tapeworm
• Plasmodium (malaria)
• Ticks

One benefits; other is unaffected

• Examples:
• Shark/Remora

Both benefit

• Examples:
• Ant/Acacia
• Flower/Bird

Maintains ecosystem

• Examples:
• Starfish
• w/ starfish 16 species of shell fish w/o 1 species
• Wolf
• regulates Elk population in Yellowstone park w/o wolf little vegetation left

Something harmless looks like something harmful

Moth looks like wasp

Two harmful things look like each other

Bee looks like wasp

Organism looks like object

• Background shading
• Aposomatic Bright Coloration - colors

• Bare rock  
•     ⇓
• Mosses
•     ⇓
• Bushes
•     ⇓
• Trees

• Disturbance (fire)
•     ⇓
• Crab grass
•     ⇓
• Bushes
•     ⇓
• Trees