-
Juan reads this book.
Juan reads this.
- Juan lee este libro.
- Juan lee éste.
-
this
that
that one over there
este ......................... this ese .......................... that aquel ...................... that one over there
-
this
(adjective) (pronoun)
-
that
(adjective)(pronoun)
-
that one over there
(adjective)(pronoun)
-
I have been studying Spanish for one year.
Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb
Hace un año que estudio español
-
I haven’t studied Spanish for a year
Hace + time + que + no + present tense form of the verb
Hace un año que no estudio español
-
They have been studying English for two years.
Hace + time + que + present tense form of the verb
Hace dos años que ellas estudian inglés
-
adjective:
describes a noun
-
pronoun
takes the place of a noun
-
possessive adjectives
- mi(s)
- tu(s)
- su(s)
- nuestro(-a,-os,-as)
-
My book is large.
Yours is small.
- Mi libro es grande
- El tuyo es pequeño
-
Your car is green.
Mine is red.
- Tu carro es verde
- El mío es rojo
-
When is a verb a Reflexive Verb?
when the subject and the object are the same.
-
What do you call yourself?
I call myself Juan.
- ¿Cómo se llama usted?
- Me llamo Juan
-
Juan washes his face. (reflexive)
Juan washes his car. (non-reflexive)
- Juan se lava la cara
- Juan lava su carro.
-
We should buy it.
(two ways)
- Lo debemos comprar.
- Debemos comprarlo.
-
Mary should visit us.
(two ways)
- María nos debe visitar.
- María debe visitarnos.
-
What happens when a verb directly follows a preposition?
remains in the infinitive form
-
to bore
to be bored
- aburrir - to bore
- aburrirse - to be bored
-
to agree
to remember
- acordar - to agree
- acordarse de - to remember
-
to put to bed
to go to bed
- acostar - to put to bed
- acostarse - to go to bed
-
to fire
to say goodbye
- despedir - to fire
- despedirse de - to say goodbye
-
to sleep
to fall asleep
- dormir - to sleep
- dormirse - to fall asleep
-
to go
to go away, to leave
- ir - to go
- irse - to go away, to leave
-
to deny
to refuse
- negar - to deny
- negarse a - to refuse
-
to put
to put on
- poner - to put
- ponerse - to put on
-
to take away
to take off
- quitar - to take away
- quitarse - to take off
-
Spanish has two past tenses:
preterite and imperfect
-
preterite regular conjugates -ar
-
imperfect regular conjugates -ar
-
Juan spoke from one until two o’clock.
- Juan habló de la una hasta las dos.
- preterite
-
Juan spoke for two hours
Juan spoke with the student
- Juan habló dos horas.
- (implied beginning and end) preterite
- Juan habló con la estudiante.
- (implied beginning and end) preterite
-
The girls used to speak in English
- Las chicas hablaban en inglés.
- (no definite beginning or end)
- imperfect
-
tells us specifically when an action took place.
preterite
-
tells us in general when an action took place.
imperfect
-
Preterite: regular -er -ir verbs
-
Yesterday I wrote three letters.
Ayer escribí tres cartas. preterite
-
We lived there for four years.
Vivimos allí por cuatro años.
-
She got up, dressed, and left the house.
Ella se levantó, se vistió, y salió de la casa.
-
It began to snow at eight in the morning.
Empezó a nevar a las ocho de la mañana
-
actions that were repeated a specific number of times, or occurred during a specific period of time.
used for actions that were part of a chain of events
used to state the beginning or the end of an action.
used for actions that can be viewed as single events.
used for past actions that are seen ascompleted.
preterite
-
imperfect regular conjugates -ir -er
-
used for actions that were repeated habitually.
used for telling time and stating one’s age.
used for past actions that are not seen as completed.
imperfect
-
We would lunch together every day.
- Almorzábamos juntos todos los días.
- imperfect
-
The ladies would always chat in the mornings.
- Las señoras siempre charlaban por las mañanas.
- imperfect
-
It was seven o’clock at night.
- Eran las siete de la noche.
- imperfect
-
The little girl was five years old.
- La niña tenía cinco años.
- imperfect
-
-
-
-
preterite conjugate: hacer
- hice
- hiciste
- hizo
- hicimos
- hicieron
-
imperfect irregular verb: ser
-
imperfect irregular verb: ir
-
imperfect irregular verb: ver
- veia
- veias
- veia
- veiamos
- veian
-
-
-
-
from the first moment
- desde el primer momento
- preterite
-
for two centuries
- durante dos siglos
- preterite
-
-
-
-
-
-
last week
- la semana pasada
- preterite
-
-
-
two days, years ago
- hace dos dias, anos
- preterite
-
yesterday morning
- ayer por la manana
- preterite
-
-
-
every day
- cada dia
- todas los dias
- preterite
-
every week
- cada semana
- todas las semanas
- preterite
-
-
-
from time to time
- de vez en cuando
- preterite
-
at that time
- en aquella epoca
- preterite
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
from time to time
- de vez en cuando
- imperfect
-
-
entender
present and preterite
- entiendo entendí
- entiendes entendiste
- entiende entendió
- entendemos entendimos
- entienden entendieron
-
cerrar
present and preterite
- cierro cerré
- cierras cerraste
- cierra cerró
- cerramos cerramos
- cierran cerraron
-
preferir
present and preterite
- prefiero prefer
- prefieres preferiste
- prefiere prefirió
- preferimos preferimos
- prefieren prefirieron
-
dormer
present and preterite
- duermo dormí
- duermes dormiste
- duerme durmió
- dormimos dormimos
- duermen durmieron
-
One way to determine if a verb is actually the imperfect is to try substituting one of thefollowing:
- was/were ...ing
- used to ...
- would (meaning used to) ...
-
Ramón was afraid to speak in public.
I thought that Juan could do it.
I liked the car. (The car was pleasing to me.)
- Ramón tenía miedo de hablar en público.Ramón was afraid to speak in public.
- Yo creía que Juan podía hacerlo.I thought that Juan could do it.
- Me gustaba el coche.I liked the car. (The car was pleasing to me.)
- imperfect
-
Era un muchacho muy inteligente.He was a very intelligent boy.
She was a beautiful young lady.
The house was white.
- Era un muchacho muy inteligente.He was a very intelligent boy.
- Era una señorita muy guapa.She was a beautiful young lady.
- Las ventanas estaban abiertas.The windows were open.La casa era blanca.The house was white.
- imperfect
-
orthographic changing verbs for the preterite tense
- G A R - C A R - Z A R
- Verbs that end in -gar change g to gu
- Verbs that end in -car change c to qu
- Verbs that end in -zar change z to c
-
orthographic changing verbs for the preterite tense
in -aer, -eer, -oír, and -oer
- él/ella/usted forms use the ending “yó”(rather than ió) and the third person plural uses the ending “yeron” (rather than ieron).
- The remaining forms gain a written accent over the letter “i
-
preterite Verbs that end in -ucir
producir
- produje
- produjiste
- produjo
- produjimos
- produjeron
-
verbs are irregular in the preterite and must be memorized:
D E C I R T R A E R V E R
- dije traje vi
- dijiste trajiste viste
- dijo trajo vio
- dijimos trajimos vimos
- dijeron trajeron vieron
-
-
I N F I N I T I V E S T EM C H A N G E
verbs that are irregular in the preterite-stems
-
I N F I N I T I V E S T EM C H A N G Everbs that are irregular in the preterite-estar-saber
- estuve supe
- estuviste supiste
- estuvo supo
- estuvimos supimos
- estuvieron supieron
-
I studied two hours.
I used to study before the tests.
- Estudié dos horas.I studied two hours. preterite
- Yo estudiaba antes de los exámenes.I used to study before the tests. imperfect
-
I met Juan five years ago.
At that time we knew the city very well.
- Conocí a Juan hace cinco años.I met Juan five years ago. preterite
- En aquella época conocíamos muy bien la ciudad.At that time we knew the city very well. imperfect
-
María quiso comprar la casa.Maria tried to buy the house.
Juan wanted to buy the house.
Maria refused to buy the house.
Juan did not want to buy the house.
- María quiso comprar la casa.Maria tried to buy the house. preterite
- Juan quería comprar la casa.Juan wanted to buy the house. imperfect
- María no quiso comprar la casa.Maria refused to buy the house.preterite
- Juan no quería comprar la casa.Juan did not want to buy the house. imperfect
-
Maria found out yesterday.
Juan knew that Maria was coming.
- María lo supo ayer.Maria found out yesterday.
- Juan sabía que María venía.Juan knew that Maria was coming.
-
Maria received a letter from her mom.
Juan used to have a new car.
- María tuvo una carta de su mamá.Maria received a letter from her mom.
- Juan tenía un coche nuevo.Juan used to have a new car.
-
three regular preterite verb forms together:H A B L A R C OMER V I V I R
- hablé comí viví
- hablaste comiste viviste
- habló comió vivió
- hablamos comimos vivimos
- hablaron comieron vivieron
-
regular imperfect verb forms together:H A B L A R C OME R
V I V I R
- hablaba comía vivía
- hablabas comías vivías
- hablaba comía vivía
- hablábamos comíamos vivíamos
- hablaban comían vivían
-
Juan spoke two hours.
The girls used to speak in English.
- Juan habló dos horas.Juan spoke two hours. preterite
- Las chicas hablaban en inglés.The girls used to speak in English. imperfect
-
Ser, ir are irregular in the preterite:
- fui fui
- fuiste fuiste
- fue fue
- fuimos fuimos
- fueron fueron
-
dar and hacer are irregular in the preterite:
- di hice
- diste hiciste
- dio hizo
- dimos hicimos
- dieron hicieron
-
only three irregular verbs in the imperfect:S E R I R V E R
- era iba veía
- eras ibas veías
- era iba veía
- éramos íbamos veíamos
- eran iban veían
-
P R E S E N T P R E T E R I T E cerrar
- cierro cerré
- cierras cerraste
- cierra cerró
- cerramos cerramos
- cierran cerraron
-
I have been studying Spanish for one year.
I studied Spanish one year ago.
I studied Spanish one year ago.
- Hace un año que estudio español.I have been studying Spanish for one year.
- Hace un año que estudié español.I studied Spanish one year ago.
- Estudié español hace un año.I studied Spanish one year ago.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Juan works slowly and carefully.
The boy spoke to him clearly and courteously.
The author wrote quickly and easily.
- Juan trabaja lenta y cuidadosamente.Juan works slowly and carefully.
- El chico le habló clara y cortésmente.The boy spoke to him clearly and courteously.
- El autor escribió rápida y fácilmente.The author wrote quickly and easily.
-
words that describe, or modify, verbs, adjectives or other adverbs
adverbs
-
Most Spanish adverbs are formed by....
Another way to form an adverb is to.....
- adding -mente to feminine singular form
- use the preposition con + the singular form of the noun
-
A D J E C T I V E F EM. F O RM A D V E R B claro
constant difícil
- claro clara claramente
- constante constante constantemente
- difícil difícil difícilmente
-
adverb is to use the preposition con + the singular form of the noun.
cuidadoso (carefully)
perfecto (perfectly)
cariñoso (affectionately)
- cuidadoso (carefully)cuidadosamente or con cuidado
- perfecto (perfectly)perfectamente or con perfección
- cariñoso (affectionately)
- cariñosamente or con cariño
-
When two adverbs modify the same verb,
only the second one uses the -mente ending
-
(present subjunctive)
empezar (e:ie)
- empiece
- empieces
- empiece
- empecemos
- empiecen
-
-zar: z changes to c before e(present subjunctive)
c before e
-
-ger or -gir: g changes to(present subjunctive)
j before a
-
(present subjunctive)escoger
- escoja
- escojas
- escoja
- escojamose
- escojan
-
-guir: gu changes to
(present subjunctive)
g before a
-
(present subjunctive)
seguir (e:i)
- siga
- sigas
- siga
- sigamos
- sigan
-
-car: c changes to
-gar g changes to gu before e(present subjunctive)
-
(present subjunctive)
buscar / pagar
- busque / pague
- busques / pagues
- busque / pague
- busquemos / paguemos
- busquen / paguen
-
uir: add ......
(present subjunctive)
y before a
-
(present subjunctive)
huir
- huya
- huyas
- huya
- huyamos
- huyan
-
-
-
to have (auxilliary verb)
haber
-
-
-
-
Present Subjunctive/irregular verbs
- dar
-
Present Subjunctive/irregular verbs
-estar
- esté
- estés
- esté
- estemos
- estén
-
Present Subjunctive/irregular verbs
haber
- haya
- hayas
- haya
- hayamos
- hayan
-
Present Subjunctive/irregular verbs
-ir
- vaya
- vayas
- vaya
- vayamos
- vayan
-
Present Subjunctive/irregular verbs
-saber
- sepa
- sepas
- sepa
- sepamos
- sepan
-
Present Subjunctive/irregular verbs
-ser
-
For verbs that end in -aer, -eer, -oír, and -oer, the él/ella/usted forms use the ending “yó”(rather than ió) and the third person plural uses the ending “yeron” (rather than ieron).The remaining forms gain a written accent over the letter “I.”
Exceptions to this rule include:
-
Preterite: regular -ir verbs
-
Preterite: regular -ir verbs
vive
viví, viviste, vivió, vivimos, vivieron
-
-
Preterite: regular -er
comer
comí, comiste, comió, comimos, comieron
-
One way to view relative pronouns is to recognize that they....
Another way to view relative pronouns is to recognize that they are......
- combine two sentences thatshare a common noun.
- used to introduce aclause that modifies a noun.
-
Where is the milk?
You bought milk.
- ¿Dónde está la leche?Where is the milk?
- Compraste leche.You bought milk.
- relative pronoun
-
I finished the book last night.
The book is very long.
The book that I finished last night is very long.
- Terminé el libro anoche.I finished the book last night.
- El libro es muy extenso.The book is very long.
- El libro que terminé anoche es muy extenso.The book that I finished last night is very long.
-
My uncle, who is a professor, is coming to visit me today.
relative pronoun-quien
Mi tío, quien es profesor, viene a visitarme hoy día.My uncle, who is a professor, is coming to visit me today.
-
The girl, with whom I went to the movies, is my girlfriend.
relative pronoun-quien
La chica, con quien fui al cine, es mi novia.The girl, with whom I went to the movies, is my girlfriend.
-
He who studies hard earns good grades.
relative pronoun-quien
Quien estudia bastante, gana buenas notas.He who studies hard earns good grades.
-
The man who is poor
relative pronoun-que
El hombre que es pobre (person, subject)
-
The books which are long
relative pronoun-que
Los libros que son extensos (thing, subject)
-
The young lady whom I met
relative pronoun-que
La señorita que conocí (person, object)
-
The letter that you read
relative pronoun-que
La carta que leiste (thing, object)
-
The house (that) we bought is new. relative pronoun-que
La casa que compramos es nueva.
-
The show (that) I was watching was comical. relative pronoun-que
El programa que miraba era cómico.
-
The young lady whom I met last night is Raquel’s sister.
relative pronoun-quien or que
- La señorita que conocí anoche es la hermana de Raquel.
- La señorita a quien conocí anoche es la hermana de Raquel.
-
When the relative pronoun occurs after a preposition and refers to a person, _________________.
After a preposition,___________.
- “quien”must be used.
- “que” is only used to refer to things.
-
The boys, with whom we went to the beach, are our friends.
relative pronoun
Los chicos, con quienes fuimos a la playa, son nuestros amigos.
-
The book I’m thinking of is long, not short.
El libro en que pienso es extenso, no es corto.
-
Relative Pronouns: -que
el que, la que, los que,las que, and lo que
-
My aunt, the one who is a professor, is coming to visit me today.
relative pronouns-la que
Mi tía, la que es profesora, viene a visitarme hoy día.
-
The tables, the ones that are made of plastic, are cheap.
relative pronouns-las que
Las mesas, las que son de plástico, son baratas.
-
My uncle, the one who is a taxi driver, will arrive soon.
relative pronoun-el que
-
Mi tío, el que es taxista, llegará pronto.
-
My pants, the ones that are old, are very comfortable.
relative pronoun-los que
Mis pantalones, los que son viejos, son muy cómodos.
-
When the relative pronoun refers to an abstract idea, use:
lo que
-
That which you want does not exist. relative pronoun-que
Lo que quieres no existe.
-
I do not understand that which is happening. relative pronoun-que
No comprendo lo que ocurre.
-
relative pronoun that relates the owner to that which is owned, whose:
cuyo, cuya,cuyos, cuyas
-
The girl, whose father is a professor, is very nice.
relative pronoun-cuyo
La niña, cuyo padre es profesor, es muy simpática.
-
The man, whose mother died, wrote her biography.
relative pronoun-cuya
El hombre, cuya madre murió, escribió su biografía.
-
The car, whose lights do not work, is a danger.
relative pronoun-cuyos
El coche, cuyos faros no funcionan, es un peligro.
-
Pedro, whose sisters are beautiful, is my friend. relative pronoun-cuyas
Pedro, cuyas hermanas son guapas, es mi amigo.
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