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Tito
- Josip Broz (aka Tito) was the leader of the Commie resistance movement in Yugoslavia
- After the war, he wanted to make Yugoslavia an independent commie state
- Stalin hoped to take control of Yugoslavia, but Tito refused
- Tito gained support by portraying the struggle as one of Yugoslav national freedom
- He ruled until his death in 1980
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Poland Protest, 1956
- In response to protests, the Polish Commie Party created a series of reforms and elected Wladysaw Gomulka as secretary
- Gomulka declared Poland had the right to follow its own socialist path
- Sacred of Soviet response, the Poles compromised and remained loyal to the Warsaw Pact
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Prague Spring, 1968
- Jan 1968, Alexander Dubcek was elected first secretary of the Commie Party
- He introduced reforms, which included freedom of speech and press, freedom to travel abroad, and relaxed censorship, also an independent foreign policy and promised gradual democratization
- Hoped to create "socialism w/ a human face"
- A short period of euphoria broke out called the "Prague Spring"
- August 1968, Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia and crushed the reform movement
- Gustav Husank replaced Dubcek and reestablished old order
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de Gaulle's Fifth Republic
- 1958, de Gaulle drafted a new constitution for the Fifth Republic that greatly enhanced the power of the pres
- The pres will now have the right to choose the prime minister, dissolve parliament, and supervise both defense and foreign policy
- He became the first pres of the republic
- Wanted to return France to a great world power, so he invested heavily in nuclear bombs
- 1960, France exploded first nuclear bomb
- French economy grew 5.5% annually, faster than the US, and became a major industrial producer and exporter
- Problems remained--large govn deficits and rise in cost of living led to unrest
- Resigned from office in April 1969 and died w/in a year
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West German "Economic Miracle"
- Miracle happened under rule of Konrad Adenauer
- Ludwig Erhard played a major role in economic revival
- Unemployment dell from 8% in 1950 to 0.4% in 1965
- West Germany brought hundreds of thousands of "guest workers" on visas from Italy, Spain, Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia
- 1963, Adenauer resigned after 14 years
- Ludwig Erhard succeeded him as chancellor and continued his policies
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Welfare State
- A state in which the govn takes responsibility for providing citizens w/ service and a minimal standard of living
- Was used in Great Britain where in 1946, the govn passed the National Insurance Act and National Health Service Act which provided funds for the unemployed, sick, and aged
- Ensured medical care for all
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European Economic Community (EEC)
- Aka Common Market
- 1957, France, West Germany, the Benelux countries, and Italy signed the Rome Treaty which created the EEC
- Was a free-trade area that made up of the six member nations
- Six nations would impose no tariffs on each others goods
- Would be protected by a tariff imposed on goods from the non-EEC nations
- Encouraged cooperation among the member nations' economies
- 1960, became an important trading bloc and was the world's largest exporter and purchaser of raw materials
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Consumer Society
- A society that was preoccupied w/ buying goods, not producing them
- Workers could now buy televisions, washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, and stereos
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Women's Liberation Movement
- Late 1960s, women had begun to assert their rights again and feminism became a renewed interest
- Simone de Beauvior wrote The Second Sex which became important in the movement
- The book argued that as a result of male-dominated societies, women had been defined mostly by how they were different from men and were treated as second-class citizens
- Influenced both American and European women's movements
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Lenoid Brezhnev
- Along w/ Alexei Kosygin, he replaced Nikita Khrushchev
- Emerged as the dominant leader in the 1970s
- Determined to keep eastern Europe in Commie hands and as uninterested in reform
- Insisted on the right of the Soviet Union to intervene if communism was threatened in another Commie state (aka the Brezhnev Doctrine)
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Detente
- A relaxation of tension and improved relations between the two superpowers
- Brezhnev used this
- The Soviets felt secure and were willing to relax their rigid rule
- More access to Western lit and pop culture
- Dissidents were still punished
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Perestroika
- 1980, Mikhail Gorbachev, leader of the Commie Party, preached the need for radical reforms, hence perestroika, or restructuring
- First meant restructuring economic policy, meaning a market economy more responsive to consumers
- An attempt to reform economy will not happen unless politics reform
- 1918, he established a new Soviet parliament w/ elected members, the Congress of People's Deputies
- Gorbachev decreed non-commie political parties could organize and abolish a constitutional provision saying that the Commie Party had a "leading role" in the state
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Glasnost
- The freedom of the press
- Is only an instrument of democracy, not democracy itself
- However, freedom of the press is deceptive, since the owners of newspapers erect strict labor against discussion of issues of vital importance
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Solidarity
- A Polish worker named Lech Walesa organized the national trade union
- Gained support of the workers and the Roman Catholic church
- 1980s, Walesa was arrested, but the movement continued
- 1988, finally Polish regime agreed to free parliamentary elections, the first in Eastern Europe in 40 years
- New govn was elected, ending 45 years of Commie rule
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Organization of American States (OAS)
- 1948, the states of the Western Hemisphere formed the OAS
- Emphasized the need for Latin American indepence
- Passed a resolution calling for an end to military action by one state in the affairs of another
- Did not end American involvement in Latin America because of Cold War
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Fidel Castro
- 1950s, led a strong opposition movement in Cuba
- Aimed to overthrow the govn of the dictator Fulgencio Batista
- His army used guerrilla warfare against Batista's regime and regime collapsed; Havana was seized January 3, 1959
- Many Cubans who disagreed w/ Castro fled to the US
- Relations between Cuba and the US quickly deteriorated when Castro began to receive aid from the Soviet Union
- Oct 1960, US declared a trade embargo prohibiting trade w/ Cuba and Jan 3, 1961 broke all diplomatic relations w/ Cuba
- April 1961, John F. Kennedy support an attempt to overthrow Castro's govn
- 1962, Soviets began placing nuclear missiles in Cuba which led to a showdown w/ the US (Cuban Missile Crisis)
- Cuban Missile Crisis caused Castro to realize the Soviet Union had been unreliable
- Cuban strategy failed, but Castro's Marxist regime cont (Regime provided free medical services for all citizens, illiteracy was nearly eliminated)
- Economic weakness forced Castro's regime to depend on Soviet and on selling sugar to Soviet bloc countries
- 1989, Cuba lost their support, economic conditions have declined, but Castro managed to stay in power
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The Great Leap Forward
- Mao began a radical program in 1958 known as the Great Leap Forward
- Existing collective farms were combined into vast communes, each containing more than 30,000 peeps who lived and worked cooperatively
- Mao hoped this would allow China to reach the final of communism
- "Hard work for a few years, happiness for a thousand"
- Great Leap Forward was a disaster
- Bad planning and weather drove food production down
- At least 16 million starved to death, and, in 1960, govn began breaking up the communes
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The Cultural Revolution
- 1966, Mao launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
- Mao's book, Little Red Book, became a sort of bible for Chinese Commies
- Red Guards were formed--bands of revolutionaries, mostly students and teenagers, who set out across the nations to eliminate the "Four Olds"- old ideas, old culture, old customs, old habits
- Many party members, military officers, and professionals were disgusted at the Red Guards and turned against this early phase of the Cultural Revolution
- Mao got tired of the chaos and reined in the Red Guards
- More moderate policies were followed, but Mao's doctrines still prevailed
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Tiananmen Square
- It was here when the most dramatic outpouring of criticism of China's Commie Party came in massive demonstrations (in the capital of Beijing)
- China's leaders were split over how to response to the protestors calling for the aging party leaders to resign
- Deng believed the protestors were calling an end to Commie rule
- He ordered tanks and troops into Tiananmen Square to remove protestors
- Late 1990s, Chinese citizens were demonstrating against official corruption, high rural taxes, and economic and social inequality again
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One-Child Policy
- Mao's successors have followed one of his goals to the present day--population control
- 1979, the state began advocating a one-child policy
- Incentives such as educational benefits, child care, and housing were offered to couples who limited their families to one child
- The UN and other international groups criticized the policy for using intense psychological pressure
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