Logic Test 3

• Must add plural nouns
• Ex. Some roses are red -> Some roses are red flowers

• Only are and are not are allowed in standard form.
• Ex. Trespassers will be prosecuted -> All trespassers are people who will be prosecuted

• A proposition that makes an assertion about a specific person, place, thing or time.
• Ex. The moon is full tonight -> All things identical to the moon are things that are full tonight OR All times identical to tonight are times the moon is full

• Describe where something happens.
• Eg. wherever, everywhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, upstairs, and underground
• Ex. Wherever there is smoke, there is a fire -> All places that have smoke are places that have fire

• Describe when something happens
• Eg. Whenever, never, always, anytime, yesterday, and tomorrow.
• Ex. She never brings her lunch to school -> No times she goes to school are times she brings her lunch

• Describe an unspecified person or persons.
• Eg. whoever, anyone, anybody, everyone, no one, and someone
• Ex. Whoever took my journal is in big trouble -> All people who took my journal are people in big trouble

• Describe an unspecified thing or things
• Eg. what, whatever, anything, something, and everything
• Ex. What goes around comes around -> All things that go around are things that come around

• Ordinary language statements have implied quantifiers.
• Ex. Sharks are predators -> All sharks are predators
• Ex2. Children live next door -> Some children are people who live next door

• Some ordinary language statements contain quantifiers that are non standard because they are not "all" or "some"
• Ex. Not every investment banker is a crook -> Some investment bankers are not crooks.

• Depending on the meaning, these statements should either be translated as "No S are P" or "Some S are not P"
• Ex. All prisoners are not violent -> Some prisoners are not violent people

• Must be translated as a compound arrangement of an I and O Proposition
• Ex. Few sailors entered the regatta -> Some sailors are people who entered the regatta and some sailors are not people who entered the regatta.

Are always translated as universals. This involves "if", "then" or "only if"

• The language following the actual or implied "if" goes in the subject term
• Ex. If a salesperson calls on the phone, then I just hang up -> All calls from salespersons are calls where I hang up

• Are statements that go in the predicate term
• Ex.

• Translate statements containing "unless" as categorical propositions having negated subject terms.
• Ex. Tomatoes are edible unless they are spoiled -> All unspoiled tomatoes are edible tomatoes

• Propositions include "only", "none but" "none except" "no...except" go into the predicate term
• Ex. Only persons wearing wristbands can enter the festival -> All persons who can enter the festival are persons wearing wristabands

• Are translated differently than "only" and terms that follow "the only" go into the subject term
• Ex. Android phones are the only phones imported by her company -> All phones imported by her company are android phones

• "All except S are P" and "All but S are P" and they require conjoined categorical propositions.
• Ex. All except those under 21 are allowed to gamble in Las Vegas -> No under 21 persons are persons allowed to gamble in Las Vegas, and all non under 21 persons are persons allowed to gamble in Las Vegas

A prop. shaded S circle

E prop. Shaded middle circle

I prop. X in middle circle

O prop. X in S circle

When you go from a Universal statement to a Particular statement you make the existential fallacy

It is the contradictory proposition that is created so. All A are B is an A prop with Shaded A circle and the contradictory is Some A are not B which is an X in the A circle

Propositions that start with "all" "no" or "some"

• Can be affirmative and negative
• Affirmative: All S are P and Some S are P
• Negative: No S are P and Some S are not P

Distributes the Subject

Both

None

Predicate