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- 1. Nasal-frontal hinge
- 2. Premaxilla
- 3. Maxilla
- 4. Jugal bone/jugal arch
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- 5. Palatine
- 6. Pterygoid
- 7. quadrate
- 8. temporal
- 9. mandible
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- 10. external acoustic meatus
- 11. occipital bone
- 12. orbit
- 13. interorbital septum
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Effect of cranial kinesis
- 1. wider mouth
- 2. upper jaw is moveable & independent of lower
- 3. skull maintains position while jaw moves
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The bony part around the eye
scleral ossicles
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fused ribs are called
pleurapophyses
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4 fused thoracic vertebrae
notarium
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fused caudal vertebrae
pygostyle
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the pelvis is composed of (4)
synsacrum, ilium, ischium, pubis
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The parts of the ribs
- dorsal rib
- ventral rib
- uncinate process
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where are the floating ribs found?
cervical vertebrae
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Bones of the hyoid apparatus
- entoglossal
- basihyal
- urohyal
- ceratobranchial (paired)
- epibranchial (paired)
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- 1.Entoglossal
- 2. Basihyal
- 3. ceratobranchial
- 4. epibranchial
- 5. urohyal
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Bones of the thoracic girdle
scapula, coracoid, furcula
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junction of scapula, coracoid, & furcula
triosseal canal
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where is the carpometacarpus located?
proximal to digit III
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The most distal digit of the wing
Digit II
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Where is Digit I located?
Proximal carpometacarpus
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Digit I on the wing is called
alula
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Digit 1 on the pelvic limb is called
Hallux
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How many phalanges for each pelvic limb digit
- Digit I - 2 phalanges
- Digit II - 3 phalanges
- Digit III - 4 phalanges
- Digit IV - 5 phalanges
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Name digits of the wing from proximal to distal and include number of phalanges
- Digit I - 2 phalanges
- Digit III - 1 phalanx
- Digit II - 2 phalanges
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Which species does not have a renal fossa?
ratites
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foramina where the diverticula from the air sacs enter
pneumatic foramina
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all bones must have a ______ foramina
nutrient
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new woven bone laid down prior to laying season is called
medullary bone
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pneumatic bones contain ____ instead of marrow/fat
trabeculae/struts
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This muscle lies under the pectoralis muscle
supracoracoideus m.
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The two flight muscles
- pectoralis
- supracoracoideus
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Dorsal wing muscles from proximal to distal
- propatagialis complex
- major deltoid
- triceps brachii
- extensor metacarpi radialis
- supinator
- common digital extensor
- extensor metacarpi ulnaris
- ectepicondylo-ulnaris
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Ventral wing muscles
- triceps brachii
- biceps brachii
- extensor metacarpi radialis
- superficial pronator
- deep pronator
- flexor carpi ulnaris
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- 1.propatagium
- 2. postpatagium
- 3. metapatagium
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What is done during pinioning?
sectioning a part of the tendon of extensor metacarpi radialis m and amputation of the digits
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Action of propatagialis complex
tenses the propatagium, extends carpus & digits, flexes elbow
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action of major deltoid m.
pulls wing caudally and dorsally
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action of extensor metacarpi radialis m.
flexes elbow, extends carpus
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action of supinator m.
elevates cranial edge of wing
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common digital extensor m. action
extends carpus and flattens alula against carpometacarpus
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Action of the Ectepicondylo-ulnaris m.
flex elbow & elevate forearm
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extensor metacarpi ulnaris m. action
flexes elbow and carpus
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Muscles of the crus
- Gastrocnemius m., medial head
- Fibularis longus m
- cranial tibial m.
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muscles of the antebrachium from cranial to caudal when viewing dorsally
- extensor metacarpi radialis m.
- supinator m.
- common digital extensor m.
- extensor metacarpi ulnaris m.
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muscles on the ventral antebrachium from cranial to caudal
- extensor metacarpi radialis m.
- superficial & deep pronator mm.
- flexor carpi ulnaris m.
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action of the cranial tibial m.
flexor of the hock
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action of the fibularis longus m.
extend and abduct the hock
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action of the gastrocnemius m.
extend the hock & flex the digits
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muscles encountered during fracture repair of the tibiotarsus
- gastrocnemius
- fibularis longus
- cranial tibial
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