Microbiology final

which of the following scientists demonstrated that a bacterium was the cause of tuberculosis?

Which of the following is NOT a modern scientific discipline that originated from microbiology?

Which scientist played a major role in the birth of microbiology as a scientific field?

Which of the following is an INCORRECT pairing?

All of the following statements are true with respect to the bacteria and the archaea EXCEPT:

All of the following are examples of microorganisms EXCEPT:

Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?

Louis Pasteur was involved in research on all of the following problems EXCEPT:

The scientist who pioneered handwashing as a means of reducing disease transmission was _____.

Life on Earth can be classified into three Domains.  These three Domains are:

Which of the following microbes is photosynthetic?

All of the following are events associated with the Golden Age of Microbiology EXCEPT:

Microbiology is concerned with the study of all the following EXCEPT:

All of the following are activities associated with microorganisms EXCEPT:

Fungal cell walls are composed of a complex polysaccharide called:

Which of the following scientists was active during the Golden Age of microbiology?

Which of the following types of microbes is most similar to animals in terms of their cellular structure and metabolism?

All of the following types of microbes were viewed and described by Leeuwenhoek EXCEPT:

One major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells involves the presence or absence of _____.

Which area of study is concerned with the distribution and spread of infectious disease?

Which of the following microbes is generally the smallest?

Which of the following scientists first provided experimental evidence that contradicted the spontaneous generation of microorganisms?

Fungi can reproduce through all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:

Which of the following are acellular obligatory parasites?

Mushrooms and yeast are examples of which of the following types of organisms?

Which type of microscope utilizes a laser to illuminate the specimen?

The limit of useful magnification for a light microscope is:

Which of the following has the shortest wavelength?

Which of the following microscopes can produce image macromolecules?

What type of microscope was used Leeuwenhoek to observe his "little animalcules"?

In microscopy, which of the following plays an important role in visualizing extremely small objects clearly?

In this chapter you learned about various kinds of microscopes used to view the smallest cells or parts of cells. Which of the following would require an electron microscope in order to be viewed?

The scientist who pioneered the use of the microscope to view various kinds of microbes was:

The bending of light waves as a result of their passage through a curved glass lens is known as:

_____ involves the application of labeled antibodies to the specimen that is to be observed.

All of the following are components of a bright-field compound microscope EXCEPT:

The term _____ describes the ability of a microscope to produce images in which very small adjacent objects appear as separate and distinct.

Which of the following wavelengths of visible light occurs between yellow and blue?

Which of the following is a type of electron microscope used to examine the surface structure of non-living specimens?

Which of the following types of microscope can magnify specimens more than 100,000,000X?

All of the following types of microscopes can be used to view living specimens EXCEPT:

Which of the following combinations would give the best microscopic resolution?

Visible wavelengths of light are used to illuminate a specimen by all of the following microscopes EXCEPT:

Which of the following microscopes utilize ultraviolet light?

Which of the following microscopes is capable of producing a three-dimensional image?

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in the cell's genetic material as well as within the cell's primary short-term energy and electron-carrying molecules?

Solutions that resist changes in pH because they contain both a weak acid and its conjugate base are called:

The atomic number of the elements oxygen is 8; this means it has

A term which refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions within an organism is:

All of the following are subatomic particles associated with the structure of an atom EXCEPT:

Which of the following is NOT a carbohydrate produced by plants?

Disulfide bridges are used in which level of protein structure?

-OH and -NH2 are examples of:

All of the following macromolecules are used as energy sources EXCEPT:

The smallest unit of an element which still retains all of the characteristic physical and chemical properties of the element is call a(n):

All of the following are principle roles of protein within cells EXCEPT:

Two atoms that have similar electronegativities (differing by less than 0.5 units) will form a(n):

Which of the following is an incorrect pair?

Which of the following is an incorrect pair?

Which of following does NOT involve a chemical reaction?

Which of the following nitrogenous bases in NOT a pyrimidine?

Negatively charged subatomic particles which are important participants in chemical reactions are called:

Which element is found in all proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids?

ALL proteins have a minimum of how many levels of protein structure?

A solution that has a pH of 5 has a hydrogen ion (H+) concentration that is _____ than a solution with a pH of 6.

A series of amino acids covalently bonded together form a molecule called a:

The two strands of the DNA double helix are held together by ____ bonds between complementary bases.

Alpha-helices are associated with which level of protein structure?

All of the following are true statements regarding hydrogen bonds EXCEPT:

Water is important for life for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

Passive transport of molecules that require specific carrier proteins is called:

The cell walls of bacteria are a polymer of short peptides and repeating chains of:

The endosymbiotic theory is a possible explanation of the origin of which of the following organelles?

Which of the following types of lipids is the major component of all cytoplasmic membranes?

All of the following are true statements concerning fimbriae except:

Which of the following subcellular structures is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Which of the following types of microbe is prokaryotic?

Which of the following organelles is involved in digestion of phagocytized cells, old organelles, and self-destruction of old cells?

A bacterium that has a tuft of flagella at one end of the cell would be said to have a _____ flagellar arrangement.

The cytoplasmic membrane _____.

Which of the following molecules is NOT found in eukaryotic cell walls?

Which of the following characteristics does NOT apply to phospholipid bilayers?

Which of the following is a true statement concerning flagella?

_____ is the most abundant complex polysaccharide on Earth, found in the cell walls of both plants and green algae.

All of the following statements are true EXCEPT:

Which of the following organelles is involved in the production and transport of proteins throughout the cell?

Which of the following is a true statement concerning bacterial cell walls?

All of the following eukaryotic cellular structures contain tubulin microtubules EXCEPT:

Which of the following could easily cross the cytoplasmic membrane by simple diffusion?

Water moves across a semipermeable membrane in a process called:

Non-membrane-bound reserve deposits of valuable nutrients found in many cells are called:

Movement of a bacterium away from a toxic chemical substance is called:

The glycocalyx of prokaryotic cells has all of the following functions EXCEPT:

Polypeptides are assembled by special subcellular structures called:

Plasmolysis, the shriveling of cells due to loss of water, occurs when cells are placed in what type of environment?

Which of the following stains is most useful for identifying Mycobacterium?

All of the following are examples of differential stains EXCEPT:

What is the primary purpose of heat-fixing a bacterial smear?

_____ staining techniques are characterized by the use of multiple dyes and a decolorizing step.

The scientist who provided evidence supporting the existence of three major "domains" of life, Eukarya, Bacteria and the Archaea, was:

The use of binomial nomenclature for the naming and classification of organisms was started by:

Which type of classification scheme attempts to accurately group organisms on the basis of evolutionary lines of descent?

Which of the following scientists was responsible for developing a widely-used staining procedure?

In the Gram stain, the mordant is:

In the Linnean classification system, the taxonomic group that lies between division and order is:

The science of classifying and naming organisms is called:

The designation E. coli O157:H7 is a result of which type of microbial identification process?

Methylene blue is a basic dye. This means that the chromophore responsible for the blue color is a(n):

Which of the following is a true statement concerning basic dyes?

_____ staining involves applying a dye in such a way that the feature-of-interest is left unstained, while other surrounding structures are stained.

The Gram positive cell envelope differs from the Gram negative cell envelope in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Which of the following microbial identification procedures relies on antigen-antibody reactions?

In the Gram stain, iodine serves as the:

In the Gram stain, _____ is the most critical step because it creates the visible difference between Gram positive and Gram negative cells.

Which of the following is NOT a domain proposed by Carl Woese?

Which of the following enzymes might be expected to catalyze the transfer of electrons between two molecules?

In eukaryotic cells, all of the following processes occur in the mitochondrion EXCEPT:

Which of the following molecules serves as the short-term recyclable energy supply for a cell?

In a cell which performs aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is made by which of the following processes?

The highest ATP yield from oxidation of a glucose molecule is obtained by:

An electron transport chain is NEVER associated with:

The type of fermentation that is detectable by a Vogues-Proskauer (VP) test because it involves a unique intermediate metabolite called acetoin is:

Which of the following can have a significant impact on the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Which of the following is temporarily formed during an enzymatic reaction?

The enzyme ATP synthase plays an important role in:

Many vitamins are important for metabolism because they act as _____.

A redox couple with a large positive standard reduction potential would most likely by the ____ species in a redox reaction.

What is the major function of fermentation?

All of the following are electron carrier molecules that are important for cellular redox reactions EXCEPT:

The theoretical total ATP yield from the oxidation of one glucose molecule via aerobic cellular respiration in a prokaryotic cell is:

All of the following are byproducts of fermentation EXCEPT:

The temporary or permanent disruption of a protein's three-dimensional structure is called _____.

All of the following are associated with the process of glycolysis EXCEPT:

The endogenous electron acceptor utilized for fermentation is:

What is activation energy?

A noncompetitive inhibitor reduces enzyme activity by:

Electron transport is responsible for how many of the 38 molecules of ATP produced during cellular respiration in bacteria?

A cell uses which process to create a proton gradient?

What are catabolic reactions?

During glycolysis and the Kreb's cycle, ATP is produced via:

All of the following are true statements concerning types of media EXCEPT:

All of the following are direct methods of measuring microbial growth EXCEPT:

Why do bacterial cultures go through lag phase?

By definition, lithotrophs obtain:

All of the following are associated with the quadrant streak method of isolation EXCEPT:

Which of the following is NOT a macronutrient?

The enzyme catalase is responsible for chemical detoxification by converting _____ to harmless by products.

A microbe isolated from deep in the ocean would most likely by characterized as a(n) _____.

A bacterium that utilizes aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen and anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen would be classified as a(n):

The ecological relationship between mycobacterium tuberculosis and humans would be correctly classified as a form of:

A growth medium designed to support the growth of some microbes while inhibiting the growth of others would be correctly classified as:

The term "quorum sensing" is used to describe the way in which microbes:

Which of the following elements is often growth limiting for organisms because of its limited availability?

Organic molecules that organisms need, but cannot synthesize all by themselves, are called _____.

_____ is statistically-based method for the enumeration of bacterial population which involves inoculation of multiple broths from each tube in a dilution series.

A bacterium that normally colonizes the human GI tract would most likely by a(n):

Why is agar a useful substance in the microbiology lab?

A cell which uses an inorganic carbon source and obtains energy from chemical sources would be called a(n):

Organized collections of bacteria and exopolymers that firmly attach to surfaces are called:

These microbes never have an aerobic respiratory metabolism, but they can detoxify oxygen enough to live in its presence.

Which of the following preservation methods might you use if you wanted to preserve a culture of microbes for fifty years?

Which of the following pH levels would probably by lethal to an acidophile?

All of the following statements concerning the bacterial growth curve are true EXCEPT:

Which of the following devices would be required in order to perform a direct microscopic count of a bacterial culture?

Which of the following devices can be used to automatically sort bacterial cells while counting them?

All of the following are tRNA binding sites on the small subunit of the ribosome EXCEPT:

All of the following are characteristics of RNA polymerase EXCEPT:

In the lac operon E. coli, the promoter region is:

Bacteria are:

"Rolling circle" replication is involved in the duplication of:

Which of the following functions would most likely be associated with genes carried on a plasmid?

Codons are found in which of the following?

_____ demonstrated that DNA was the molecule responsible for the phenomenon of transformation observed by Griffith in his experiments with Streptococcus pneumonia.

All of the following are functions of RNA EXCEPT:

Which of the following is NOT one of the universal "stop" codons?

All of the following are true statements concerning the structure of DNA EXCEPT:

Which of the following is a function of DNA polymerase I during replication?

Transcription of a prokaryotic operon results in _____ mRNA.

_____ produced x-ray crystallography images which contributed greatly to Watson and Crick's success at determining the structure of DNA.

All of the following are associated with the genetic material of bacteria EXCEPT:

The site on a chromosome where replication is initiated:

All of the following are possible basepair combinations in nucleic acids EXCEPT:

Plasmids are transferred between bacteria during the process of:

During translation, the next incoming tRNA is bound at the ribosome's _____ site.

All of the following are components of a nucleotide EXCEPT:

All of the following are true statements concerning ribosomes EXCEPT:

All of the following are true statements concerning the replication of DNA EXCEPT:

All of the following are characteristics of genetic code EXCEPT:

All of the following are associated with the process of DNA replication EXCEPT:

Which of the following types of mutations is usually the most serious?

Which of the following techniques might be utilized to study global changes in gene expression that occur when a stimulus is applied to an organism?

The DNA polymerase from which of the following microbes is most commonly used in PCR?

What is a mutagen?

Treatment of a disease by replacing missing or defective genes with normal copies is called _____.

Which of the following is an example of xenotransplantation?

Which of the following describes the role of reverse transcriptase?

All of the following are associated with probes EXCEPT:

All of the following are present in cDNA molecules EXCEPT:

Eukaryotic genes contain non-coding sequences that must be removed from pre-messenger RNA before if can be translated. These non-coding sequences are called _____.

The technique most often used to create competent Gram-negative cells for transformation with a plasmid vector is:

All of the following are criteria by which molecules can be separated using electrophoresis EXCEPT:

Bi-toxin is associated with which of the following agricultural applications of recombinant DNA technology?

_____ was awarded the Nobel Prize for inventing the PCR process.

All of the following are characteristics of restriction enzymes EXCEPT:

Reverse transcriptase produces which of the following?

What are plasmids?

All of the following are applications of recombinant DNA technology EXCEPT:

All of the following could potentially be utilized as vectors EXCEPT:

What does DNA ligase do?

Which of the following is an example of a plant that has been genetically modified to possess herbicide resistance?

All of the following are true statements concerning electrophoresis EXCEPT:

A technique that uses fluorescent or radioactive probes to detect DNA sequences bonded to a nitrocellulose membrane is called _____.

ddNTPs are associated with:

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in a PCR cycle?

Which of the following is a fluorescent chemical used to make bands of DNA visible following electrophoresis?

_____ degrades mRNAs with sequences complementary to a bound siRNA.

What is the function of the enzyme"dicer"?

The effect small RNAs have on development was first discovered in ____.

What is the approximate length of the RNA sequences that produce RNA interference?

Small RNAs may act as key regulators of ____.