CHAPTERS 11 & 13

• Receiving sensory input: Monitor internal and external stimuli. 
• Integrating information: Brain and spinal cord process sensory input and initiate responses. 
• Controlling muscles and glands (synapse). 
• Maintaining homeostasis. Regulate and coordinate physiology. 
• Establishing and maintaining mental activity consciousness, thinking, memory, emotion.

• Brain (cerebrum & cerebellum)
• Brainstem
• Spinal cord

• Cranial nerves, Spinal nerves, and Peripheral nerves
• Cranial nerves 12 pairs (CN I - XII)
• Spinal nerves 31 pairs (8C, 12T, 5L, 1Co)

• Afferent: Ascending tracts carry sensory. 
• Transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS. 
• Pseudounipolar (uni-polar) neuron.

• Efferent: Descending tracts carry to motor. 
• Transmits action potentials from CNS to effectors (muscles, glands, etc). 
• Multipolar neuron. 
• Autonomic nervous system
• Somatic nervous system

• Voluntary
• Skeletal Muscles
• Synapse
• Single neuron system

• Parasympathetic: Rest and Digest. Slow heart rate. 
• Sympathetic: Fight or Flight. Fast heart rate. 
• Two neuron system:
• First motor neuron: (preganglionic neuron) from CNS to ganglion.
• Second motor neuron: (postganglionic neuron) from ganglion to effector.

• Soma (cell body): Nucleus, Nssl substance. Nissl substance = chromatophilic substance = rough E.R.: primary site of protein synthesis. 
• Dendrites: receives and conveys nerve impulses towards the soma.
• Trigger Zone: Between the cell body and axon. 
• Axon: Relay action potential away from axon. Review action potential. 
• Myelin sheath: Not all axons are myelinated. A layer of material that insulates the axon to increase the velocity of electrical impulse conduction. 
• Nodes or Ranvier: Gap between myelin sheaths.

• Sensory (afferent): Brings information to the CNS.
• Motor (efferent): Sends information away from CNS. 
• Interneuron (association neuron): is found between the two

appears to have an axon and no dendrites

has a dendrite and an axon

has many dendrites and an axon

cerebral-spinal-fluid circulation

support the other neurons

form myelin sheaths for axons in the PNS

form myelin sheaths for axons in the CNS

removes debris and bacteria

produces cerebal-spinal-fluid

blood-brain-barrier (BBB)

Nodes of Ranvier are used for "saltatory conduction" to skip node to node to increase velocity.

• Gray matter peripheral aspect located.
• Unmyelinated axons
• Cell bodies
• Dendrites
• Neuroglia

• Myelin sheath
• Nerve tracts propagate action potentials from one area in the CNS to another.

• Nuclei: collection of cell bodies.
• Tracts: collection of Axons. 
• Oligodendroctyes: collection of myelin sheaths.

Oligodendrocytes

Tracts

Nuclei

Schwann Cells

Nerves

Ganglia

• Depolarization
• Repolarization
• Hyperloarization
• All-or-none principle
• 3 Na+ out / 2 K+ pump in

Requires a lot more energy to stimulate again.

Cannot generate another action potential. Cannot be stimulated again.

Acetylcholineasterase (AChE)

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Combined.

Multiple action potential.

1 action potential per neuron.

It is the cranial nerve going to the heart.

Known as (nissl substance) to  produce proteins.

False. It contains both motor and sensory neurons.

False. Contains only sensory neurons.

• 8C = C1-C7
• 12T = T1-T12
• 5L = L1-L5
• 5S = Sacrum (5)
• 1C = Coccyx (4/5) Pseudounipolar

Energy.

• Norepinephrine (NE):
• Monamine oxidase (MAO): Breaks down norepinephrine (NE). Inhibits the function to raise level of norepinephrine.

• Excitatory: Excite the cell. Fire the action potential. 
• Depolarization

• Inhibitory: Decrease amount of neurotransmitters. 
• Hyperpolarization.

Forms a loop.

From one to multiple neuron.

From multiple neuron to one.

• Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
• Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
• Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

• [Te]lencephalon
• [Di]encephalon
• [Me]secephalon
• [Me]tencephalon
• [My]elencephalon

• Lateral Ventricles
• Third Ventricle
• Cerebral Aqueduct
• Fourth Ventricle
• Central Canal

• Brainstem
• Medulla Oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain
• Reticular formation

• Thalamus
• Subthalamus
• Epithalamus
• Hypothalamus

Sleep cycle. Melatonin. Circadian rhythm.

• Superior colliculi
• Inferior colliculi

Produces melatonin. Regulates sleep-wake cycles with circadian rhythm.

• Superior colliculi: visual pathway.
• Inferior colliculi: auditory pathway.

Fiber tracts that communicate with other parts of the brain.

• Superior cerebellar peduncle: cerebellum to midbrain.
• Middle cerebellar peduncle: cerebellum to pons. 
• Inferior cerebellar penducle: cerebellum to medulla oblongata.

Cross tracts.

frontal lobe

• Left lobe. 
• Speak and form words.

Primary somatosensory cortex.

Primary visual cortex

Auditory cortex

• Left lobe.
• Comprehend.

Connect one hemisphere to the other.

The nuclei in the cerebrum (caudate and lentiform) are called the corpus striatum.

• Basic survival functions such as
• memory
• reproduction
• nutrition
• emotions
• olfaction

• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia Mater

• Subdural space: below the dura mater(serous fluid). 
• Subarachnoid space: below the arachnoid mater (CSF location).

• Falx cerebri: between the two cerebral hemispheres. 
• Tentorium cerebelli: cerebellum and cerebrum.
• Falx cerebelli: two cerebellar hemispheres.

Produces CSF

reabsorb CSF

Interventricular foramina (Foramen of Monro): join lateral ventricles with third.

Cerebellum forms the roof of the 4th ventricle and the Pons form the floor. 

• Connected to third and foourth ventricle by the cerebral (Aqueduct of Sylvius) aqueduct
• continuous with the spinal cord (central canal), and connected to the subarachnoid
• space by the lateral (Foramen of Luschka) and median (Foramen of Magendie)
• apertures

• [O]h: I. Olfactory [S]
• [O]h: II. Optic [S]
• [O]h: III. Oculomotor [M]
• [T]o: IV. Trochlear [M]
• [T]ouch: V. Tigenimal [B]
• [A]nd: VI. Abducens [M]
• [F]eel: VII. Facial [B]
• [V]irgin: VIII. Vestibulcochlear [S]
• [G]irls': IX. Glossopharyngeal [B]
• [V]agina: X. Vagus [B]
• [A]mazing: XI. Accessory [M]
• [H]appiness: XII. Hypoglassal [M]

• [S]ome: I. OLFACTORY [SMELL]
• [S]ay: II. OPTIC [VISION]
• [M]oney: III. OCULOMOTOR [AL3, EYE]
• [M]atters: IV. TROCHLEAR [SO4]
• [B]ut: V. TRIGENIMAL [FACE SENSATION, CHEWING, MUSCLE OF MASTICATION]
• [M]y: VI. ABDUCENS [LR6]
• [B]rother: VII. FACIAL [FACIAL EXPRESSION, TASTE ANTERIOR 2/3 TONGUE]
• [S]ays: VIII. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR [HEARING, BALANCE, GRAVITY]
• [B]ig: IX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL [ SWALLOW, TASTE POSTERIOR 1/3 TONGUE]
• [B]oobs: X. VAGUS [HEART, DIGESTIVE TRACT, PARASYMPATHETIC]
• [M]atter: XI. ACCESSORY [TRAPEZIUM & STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID]
• [M]ore: XII. HYPOGLOSSAL [TONGUE MUSCLE, SWALLOWING, SPEECH]

• Masseter
• Temporalis
• Medial pterygoid
• Lateral pterygoid