Exam 3

What makes an animal cell different?

Molecular level to animal cells.

Some unique things about animal anatomy.

Animals showed up about how long ago?

Animal kingdom is Metazoa and can be split into two catagories.

THis group of metazoa has specialized cells and lack true tissue. Sea sponge or jelly

This group of metazoa has two or more distinct tissue types. embryo develops through gastrulation.

Gastrulation means?

Eumetazoa then splits based on symmetry

Bilateria all have three tissue layers. This is called.

Triplobasts hae three body cavity types:

Porifera (the Sponges). 8k species, mostly marine. Asymmetry or simple radial symmetry. No true tisssues. Should look at the pictures of the sponges. Spicule types: Calcium carbonate, silica, spongin, or sticky.

Radiata have two Phylas.

Developed mouth opening.

Annelida have some characterists.

Annelida: Class Polychaeta

Annelida Class Clitellata

All members produce a cuticle. This is non-living and must be shed to allow growth. This is called molting. Contains Nematoda and Arthropoda

What is a cuticle?

Longitudinal muscles only. AKA threadworms. Hugely diverse. Fresh water, marine, soil, parasitic

THis contains the hookworms, pinworms, and wuchereria

Model organism for studying developmental biology. So much so everything is known about it. GENE exe

This is the most successful eukaryotic phylum, in diversity and in population numbers.

Subphylum meaning biting mouth parts

Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida

subphylum chelicerata class Merostomata

subphylum chelicerata class pycnogonida

This subpylum of Arthopoda contains class diplopoda and crustacea

This is a subphylum of arthopoda; insects. !mill species known. Study is called entomology. Exoskeleton of chitin can be hard as armor or very flexible. Body segments may fuse into tagmata (functional units). compound eyes (ommatidia), in addition to ocelli. Respiratory system: Gills (aquatic) tracheal tubes with spiracles (terrestrial).

Defining trait#1 Notochord. Flexible rod between the digestive tract and the dorsal nerve cord. Defining trait #2 Dorsal hollow nerve cord. All other animals phylum have solid ventral nerve cord. Notochord and nerve cord in vertebrates is encased in spinal skeleton. Pharyngeal slits and post anal tail.

THree subphylas of Chordata:

What subphylum does Lancelets fall into?

What subphylum do Tunicates falls into?

Hugely diverse category in size and shape. All protect their brain with a bony or cartilaginous skull( cranium). Hagfish is an example. vertebrates: Vertebral column. Bony or cartilaginous. Protects the nerve. Bone or cartilage more flexible than chitin. Living tissue, allows continuous growth. Diversity and complexity of internal organs.

Craniatas that are jawless and finless

Craniatas that have jaws and finned

Where did jaws arise from?

This class of Gnathostomes has Teeth. Derive from skin scales w/ dentin and enamel. Fins, flaps for stability etc. Lateral line: nerve system attached to the nerve cord. A tube on the side of the fish. Buoyancy assisted by large oil-filled liver and by constant swimming. Skate, Rays, and a few sharks bask, maintain respiration using muscular pharynx and jaw muscles to pump water across gills. Oviparous = egg laying. Eggs retained inside female until hatching.

Superclass of Chondrthyes Actinopterygii, Actinistia, and Dipnoi Bony skeleton. Smooth skin, and mucus glands.

This covers the gills and is used to create water current across gills.

Air-filled cas for bouyancy and gas exchange

Gnathostome class that is Ray-finned fish. (Think of Nemos little arm) The usual fin that we see.

Gnathostome class that is Lobe-finned fish. Fleshier, kinda like a shark skin. Bone and arm like. Can be folded in. They can use them to drag themselves

Gnathostome class that has Lope Fin. Air bladders used as a respiratory system. Lungfish. Possible link to tetrapods and life on land.

Gnathostome class that covers salamanders, frogs and toads

What class and order are salamanders from?

What class and order are frogs from?

What class and order are toads from?

The first repiles was about how long ago?

What makes amphibians different from reptiles?

What makes Reptiles different from amphibians?

Who fall into the phylum cordata class reptillia?

What makes lizards differnt from snakes?

teeth in sockets and similar or mammals and early birds. Four-chambered heart, like mammals and birds. Provide post-egg-laying parental care.

Dinosaurs showed up how long ago?

Dinos where what kind of body metabolism?

Keeps optimal temp for metabolic enzymes (endothermic)

Uses multiple metabolic enzyme systems to stay active at varying temperatures. (ectothermic)

What was the promary purpose for feathers?

For birds what is the difference between Alticial or precocial births?

Who are the ancestors of mammals?

Nerve cord and pharngeal slits, taiil

Spine bone or cartilage

Begining of skull

Has jaw

Four limbs

Eggs on land live birth

teeth in sockets and similar or mammals and early birds. Four-chambered heart, like mammals and birds. Provide post-egg-laying parental care.

mammals showed up how long ago?

Some things that make mammals unique

extinct respites & modern mammals. Lighter skulls and better attachments for jaw muscles.

extinct replies and modern mammals. Secondary bony palate: better attachment for chewing muscles and ability to eat & breath simultaneously.

What are some dental things that makes mammals mammals?

Specialised teeth is called?

All the teeth are the same?

What is the biggest trait of mammals?

Milk contains?

How do some mammals digest more efficiently?

Mammals are also know as?

This group is the only living group of monotremes: epp-laying mammals.

Protheria eggs are?

This group is for placental mammals

This group is for marsupials

Embryo is nourished briefly in uterus -> proto-placenta. Fetus is born premature and must crawl to pouch house that shelters nipples. Separation of fecal and urinary/reproductive. Limbs move toward upright posture.