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What makes an animal cell different?
Eukeryotic, cells lack cell walls, multicellular, collagen, extra cellular matrix and unique cell junction.
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Molecular level to animal cells.
HOX genes and rRNA genes.
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Some unique things about animal anatomy.
Bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry, motility of cells and appendages, or entire body. some have non-motile stages. sexual reproduction dominates.
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Animals showed up about how long ago?
600 mya
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Animal kingdom is Metazoa and can be split into two catagories.
Parazoa or Eumetazoa
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THis group of metazoa has specialized cells and lack true tissue. Sea sponge or jelly
Parazoa
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This group of metazoa has two or more distinct tissue types. embryo develops through gastrulation.
Eumetazoa
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Gastrulation means?
Beginnings of a gut
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Eumetazoa then splits based on symmetry
Radiatia (rounded starfish) Bilateria (you and me)
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Bilateria all have three tissue layers. This is called.
Triploblastic: Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
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Triplobasts hae three body cavity types:
Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate.
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Porifera (the Sponges). 8k species, mostly marine. Asymmetry or simple radial symmetry. No true tisssues. Should look at the pictures of the sponges. Spicule types: Calcium carbonate, silica, spongin, or sticky.
Invertabrates Parazoa
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Radiata have two Phylas.
Cnidaria and ctenphoa
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Developed mouth opening.
Protostomes
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Annelida have some characterists.
Setae=chitinous bristles; parapodia. have closed cirulatory system with five pumps. respiratory pigment hemoglobin
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Annelida: Class Polychaeta
Mostly seas worms
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Annelida Class Clitellata
Oligochaeta earthworms and Hirudinea leaches ectoparasites
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All members produce a cuticle. This is non-living and must be shed to allow growth. This is called molting. Contains Nematoda and Arthropoda
Phylum Ecdysozoa
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What is a cuticle?
Made of collagen, muscle attachment and water impermeability. Beginings of exoskeleton.
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Longitudinal muscles only. AKA threadworms. Hugely diverse. Fresh water, marine, soil, parasitic
Pseudocoelom
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THis contains the hookworms, pinworms, and wuchereria
Ascaris
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Model organism for studying developmental biology. So much so everything is known about it. GENE exe
Caenorhabditis elegans
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This is the most successful eukaryotic phylum, in diversity and in population numbers.
Arthropoda Fossils trilobites abundant 250-500 mya
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Subphylum meaning biting mouth parts
Chelicerata
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Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida
Spiders
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subphylum chelicerata class Merostomata
Horseshoe crabs
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subphylum chelicerata class pycnogonida
seas spiders
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This subpylum of Arthopoda contains class diplopoda and crustacea
Myriapoda
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This is a subphylum of arthopoda; insects. !mill species known. Study is called entomology. Exoskeleton of chitin can be hard as armor or very flexible. Body segments may fuse into tagmata (functional units). compound eyes (ommatidia), in addition to ocelli. Respiratory system: Gills (aquatic) tracheal tubes with spiracles (terrestrial).
Hexapoda
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Defining trait#1 Notochord. Flexible rod between the digestive tract and the dorsal nerve cord. Defining trait #2 Dorsal hollow nerve cord. All other animals phylum have solid ventral nerve cord. Notochord and nerve cord in vertebrates is encased in spinal skeleton. Pharyngeal slits and post anal tail.
Chordata
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THree subphylas of Chordata:
Cephalocordata and Urochordata and craniata
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What subphylum does Lancelets fall into?
Cephalocordata
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What subphylum do Tunicates falls into?
Urochordata
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Hugely diverse category in size and shape. All protect their brain with a bony or cartilaginous skull( cranium). Hagfish is an example. vertebrates: Vertebral column. Bony or cartilaginous. Protects the nerve. Bone or cartilage more flexible than chitin. Living tissue, allows continuous growth. Diversity and complexity of internal organs.
Craniata
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Craniatas that are jawless and finless
Agnathostomes
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Craniatas that have jaws and finned
Gnathostomes
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Where did jaws arise from?
Phartngeal arches
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This class of Gnathostomes has Teeth. Derive from skin scales w/ dentin and enamel. Fins, flaps for stability etc. Lateral line: nerve system attached to the nerve cord. A tube on the side of the fish. Buoyancy assisted by large oil-filled liver and by constant swimming. Skate, Rays, and a few sharks bask, maintain respiration using muscular pharynx and jaw muscles to pump water across gills. Oviparous = egg laying. Eggs retained inside female until hatching.
Chondrichthyes
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Superclass of Chondrthyes Actinopterygii, Actinistia, and Dipnoi Bony skeleton. Smooth skin, and mucus glands.
Osteroichthyes
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This covers the gills and is used to create water current across gills.
Operculum
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Air-filled cas for bouyancy and gas exchange
Swim bladder
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Gnathostome class that is Ray-finned fish. (Think of Nemos little arm) The usual fin that we see.
Actinoptrygii
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Gnathostome class that is Lobe-finned fish. Fleshier, kinda like a shark skin. Bone and arm like. Can be folded in. They can use them to drag themselves
Actinista
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Gnathostome class that has Lope Fin. Air bladders used as a respiratory system. Lungfish. Possible link to tetrapods and life on land.
Dipnoi
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Gnathostome class that covers salamanders, frogs and toads
Amphibia
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What class and order are salamanders from?
Amphibia Caudata
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What class and order are frogs from?
Amphibia Anura
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What class and order are toads from?
Amphibia Anura
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The first repiles was about how long ago?
350 mya
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What makes amphibians different from reptiles?
Buccal breathing amd thin moist skin. Fish-like eggs and larva have gills.
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What makes Reptiles different from amphibians?
Thoracic breathing. Thickended scaled skin. Water-conserving kidney. Amniotic egg
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Who fall into the phylum cordata class reptillia?
Turtles, lizards, snakes, and crocodiles
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What makes lizards differnt from snakes?
Ear canals w/external openings. and moveable eyelids
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teeth in sockets and similar or mammals and early birds. Four-chambered heart, like mammals and birds. Provide post-egg-laying parental care.
Crocodila
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Dinosaurs showed up how long ago?
215-65mya
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Dinos where what kind of body metabolism?
Endothermic
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Keeps optimal temp for metabolic enzymes (endothermic)
Warm blooded Homeotherms
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Uses multiple metabolic enzyme systems to stay active at varying temperatures. (ectothermic)
Cold blooded Poikiltherm
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What was the promary purpose for feathers?
Insulation
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For birds what is the difference between Alticial or precocial births?
A: naked and needs to be fed. P: down feathers and follow mother around
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Who are the ancestors of mammals?
Reptiles
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Nerve cord and pharngeal slits, taiil
Chordate
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Spine bone or cartilage
Vertebrate
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Begining of skull
Craniate
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Eggs on land live birth
Amniotic
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teeth in sockets and similar or mammals and early birds. Four-chambered heart, like mammals and birds. Provide post-egg-laying parental care.
Mammalian
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mammals showed up how long ago?
225 mya
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Some things that make mammals unique
Jaw one bone , Inner ear, two knobs at the base of skull
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extinct respites & modern mammals. Lighter skulls and better attachments for jaw muscles.
Synapsids line
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extinct replies and modern mammals. Secondary bony palate: better attachment for chewing muscles and ability to eat & breath simultaneously.
Therapsids line
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What are some dental things that makes mammals mammals?
Canines, incisors, premolars, and molars.
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Specialised teeth is called?
Heterodont
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All the teeth are the same?
Homodont
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What is the biggest trait of mammals?
Mammary glands
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Milk contains?
Fat, sugar, protein, vitamins, antibodies, water, and minerals
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How do some mammals digest more efficiently?
Symbiotic bactieria, extra stomach chambers, and extended intestines.
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Mammals are also know as?
Theria
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This group is the only living group of monotremes: epp-laying mammals.
Protheria
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Protheria eggs are?
Leathery called cloaca
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This group is for placental mammals
Theria
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This group is for marsupials
Metatheria
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Embryo is nourished briefly in uterus -> proto-placenta. Fetus is born premature and must crawl to pouch house that shelters nipples. Separation of fecal and urinary/reproductive. Limbs move toward upright posture.
Marsupial
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