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the variety of services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people who have beem accused of criminal offenses
corrections
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An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and from society and from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, reform
penitentiary
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A penitentiary system, developed in Penn. in which each inmate was held in isolation from other inmates. All activities, including craft work, took place in the cells
separate confinement
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a penitentiary system developed in Auburn in which each inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with the other prisoners during the day under a rule of silence
congregate system
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A system under which inmates' labor was sold on a contractual basis to private employers who provided the machinery and raw materials with which inmates made salable products in the institution
contract labor system
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a system under which inmates were leased to contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for labor
lease system
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an institution for young offenders that emphasizes training, a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole
reformatory
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a point system in which prisoners can reduce their term imprisonment and gain release by earning marks or points through labor, good behavior, educational achievement
mark system
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A model of corrections that emphasizes the need to restore a convicted offender to a constructive place in society through some form of vocational or educational training therapy
rehabilitative model
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a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by biological or psychological conditions that require treatment
medical model
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a model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community
community corrections
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a model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision
crime control model correction
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an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually felonies
prison
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an institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours
jail
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judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional institutions
hands-off policy
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a model of incarceration that emphasizes security, discipline, and order
custodial model
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a model of incarceration that emphasizes treatment programs to help prisoners address the personal problems and issues that led them to commit crimes
rehabilitation model
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a model of correctional institutional that emphasizes maintaining the offender's ties to family and community as a method of reform, recognizing that the offender will be returning to society
reintegration model
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the values and norms of the prison social system that define the inmates' idea of the model prisoner
inmate code
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a return to criminal behavior
recidivism
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the probationer's failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation, resulting in revocation of probation
technical violation
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a sum of money to be paid to the state by a convicted person as punishment for an offense
fine
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repayment by an offender to a victim who has suffered some loss from the offense
restitution
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government seizures of property and other assets deprived from or used in criminal activity
forfeiture
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a sentence requiring the offender to remain inside his or her home during specified periods
home confinement
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a sentence requiring the offender to perform a certain amount of unpaid labor in the community
community service
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a community correctional center where an offender reports each day to comply with elements of a sentence
day reporting center
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probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload
intensive supervision probation (ISP)
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a short-term institutional sentence usually followed by probation, that puts the offender through a physical regimen designed to develop discipline and respect for authority
boot camp
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shock incarceration
boot camp
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process in which new sentencing options increase rather than reduce control over offenders' lives
net widening
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the conditional release of an inmate from incarceration, under supervision, after part of the prison sentence has been served
parole
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the release of an inmate from incarceration, without further correctional supervision; the inmate cannot be returned to prison for any remaining portion of the sentence for the current offense
expiration release
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the required release of an inmate from incarceration to community supervision upon the expiration of a certain period, as specified by a determinate-sentencing law or parole guidelines
mandatory release
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a term used in some states to avoid rigidity of mandatory release, by placing convicts in various community settings, under supervision
other conditional release
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the release of an inmate from prison to conditional supervision at the discretion of the parole board within the boundaries set by the sentence and the penal law
discretionary release
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conduct restrictions that parolees must follow as a legally binding requirement of being release
conditions of release
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the daytime release of inmates from correctional institutions so they can work or attend school
work and educational release
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the temporary release of inmate from a correctional institution for a brief period, usually one to three days, for a visit home. Such programs help maintain family ties and prepare inmates for release on parole
furlough
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a correctional facility housing convicted felons who spend a portion of their day at work in the community but reside in halfway house during non-working hours.
halfway house
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the state as parent; the state as guardian and protector of all citizens who cannot protect themselves
parens patriae
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juveniles have the right to counsel, to confront and examine accusers, and to have adequate notice of charges when confinement is a possible punishment
in re gault
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the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt applies to juvenile delinquency proceedings
in re winship
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any act committed by a juvenile that is considered unacceptable for a child, such as truancy or running away from home, but that would not be a crime if it were committed by an adult
status offense
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procedure by which the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers a juvenile case to the adult criminal court
waiver
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a child who has committed an act that if committed by an adult would be a criminal act
delinquent
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a term that designates juveniles who are either status offenders or thought to be on the verge of trouble
PINS ( persons in need of supervision)
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a child who is receiving inadequate care because of some action or inaction of his or her parents
neglected child
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a child who has no parent or guardian or whose parents cannot give proper care
dependent child
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the process of screening children out of the juvenile justice system without a decision by the court
diversion
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a hearing by the juvenile court to determine if a juvenile is to be detained or released prior to adjudication
detention hearing
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juvenile justice equivalent of parole, in which a delinquent is released from a custodial sentence and supervised in the community
aftercare
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