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I: Olfactory
- Sensory
- Function: olfaction
- Location: epithelia of nasal cavity (through ethmomid bone), olfactory bulb
- Test: identify smells
- Dysfunction: anosmia
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II: Optic
- Sensory
- Function: vision
- Location: retina, converge at optic chiasm, thalamus
- Test: ophthalmoscope, fundoscopic exam
- Dysfunction: blindness
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III: Oculomotor
- Motor, parasympathetic
- Function: voluntary eye movements, raise eyelid, intrinsic eye muscles
- Location: pons
- Test: tracking objects
- Dysfunction: inability to move eyes a certain way
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IV: Trochlear
- Motor
- Function: innervates superior oblique extrinsic eye muscle
- Location: pons
- Test: check for symmetrical eye movements
- Dysfunction: vertical diplopia (double vision)
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V: Trigeminal
- Sensory, Motor
- Function: sensation of face and cornea, mastication
- Location: pons
- Test: cornea reflex, palpate masseter muscle
- Dysfunction: loss of sensation, impaired chewing
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VI: Abducens
- Motor
- Function: voluntary eye movements
- Location: between pond and medulla
- Test: check for symmetric eye movements
- Dysfunction: can't rotate eye laterally
-
VII: Facial
- Mixed, parasympathetic
- Function: facial expression, lacrimal & salivary function, taste of ant 2/3 of tongue.
- Location: between pons and medulla
- Test: taste sensation, tear production
- Dysfunction: can't taste, dry eye, excess tears, sagging of facial muscles (Bells Palsy)
-
VIII: Vestibulochoclear
- Sensory
- Function: hearing and equilibrium
- Location: between pons and medulla
- Test: test for swaying when eyes are closed
- Dysfunction: vertigo, nausea, loss of balance
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IX: Glossopharyngeal
- Mixed, parasympathetic
- Function: sensory and somatomotor of pharynx, parasympathetic to salivary glands, taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue.
- Location: medulla
- Test: gag reflex
- Dysfunction: loss of gag reflex
-
X: Vagus
- Mixed, parasympathetic
- Function: sensory and motor to pharynx and larynx, parasympathetic to viscera
- Location: medulla
- Test: say "AHH"
- Dysfunction: difficulty swallowing, hoarseness of voice
-
XI: Accessory
- Motor
- Function: innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle
- Location: comes from spinal chord and enters into cranial cavity before exiting again
- Test: shrug shoulders
- Dysfunction: impaired head, neck, and shoulder movement.
-
VII: Hypoglossal
- Motor
- Function: movement of tongue
- Location: medulla
- Test: stick out tongue and check for symmetry
- Dysfunction: deviation of tongue toward injured side
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