Immune disorders

leukocytes respond neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils.

B-lymphocytes, plasma cell, Memory cells

T-lymophocyte helper/inducer, cytotoxic NKC: natural killer cell.

• Warmth, redness, swelling, pain, decrease in function.
• Labs focused: C-reactive protein,ESR, WBC differential-basophils.

• Antibody-antigen interactions
• Antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes: memory cells, B cells recognize antigens circulating in the lymph or blood-they bind and a costimulator such as helper T-cell or interleukin will help to active the B cell and cause it to proliferate.
• B-cells proliferate: creating plasma cells that carry antibodies.
• Created from pluripotent cells from bone marrow=mature in spleen and present in lymph nodes, tonsils, peyers patches of intestine. 

• Made from globular proteins-Immunoglobulin
• IgA: 10%-15% found in serum, saliva, bowel fluid, breast milk. Breast milk protects Baby GI tract from viral and bacterial infect. 
• IgD: 1% present on memory B cell and induces antibody production
• IgE: <1% Related to immunity reactions to parasites or allergies
• IgG: 70%-75% main antibody in blood-only one that goes across placenta and protects baby up to 2 weeks after birth. 
• IgM: 10% made of 5 antibodies-key role in initial immune system, found in blood.

Experiences the disease-creating antibodies

Vaccinations teach the body without experiencing the disease.

• Mother to fetus: breast feeding, IgG/IgA
• Treatment for rabies or snack bite is similar

• Antigen presenting cell to T-cell-CMI mainly involves T-cells that respond to any cell presenting MHC markers=including invaded cells by pathogens, tumor cells and "transplanted cell"
• Influences and regulates AMI
• Regulates inflammation by producing and releasing cytokines
• Controls T-cells and NKC

• Cytotoxic lymphocyte of innate immune system. Controls several types of tumors and microbial growth by limiting their spread and tissue damage.
• Can recognize stressed cells without antibody markers. 

• Prevents over-reactivity of immune system
• balances helper T-cell

• Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions.
• Can be mild
• or 
• life threatening.

• Allergens and controls placed on skin.
• corticosteroids & histamines must be stopped 4 weeks prior to testing.

• Allergy shots: SC shots-small amounts of allergens-takes up to 5 years of treatment.
• Trains IgG to bind to allergen before IgE can bind and produce allergic response. 

• HIV
• Malnutrition
• Neutropenia
• Corticosteroids

• Proteins for immunoglobulin production
• Albumin levels to adequately control osmotic pressure
• iron, folic acid, B12 for RBC
• Copper for neutrophil production
• Labs: Total Protein, Albumin, Prealbumin, CBC w/diff, cholesterol levels.

• Low neutrophils-prone to infection
• Neutrophil+bands, Absolute count
• Symptoms of neutropenic infection: Fever, cultures may not show source. Absolute neutrophil count less than 1000.

• hand washing
• mask
• no water or ice from machine
• low bacteria diet( no raw foods)
• Do not change pet litter box
• avoid crowds

• inhibit movement of neutrophils/monocytes
• keeps T-cells in bone marrow causing less circulating T-cells in blood.
• Interferes with IgG production reducing AMI. 
• Labs:Glucose, sodium, potassium, WBC, Calcium.

• HIV hijacks the CD4 lymphocytes which is responsible for organizing squads of WBCs.
• Turns helper T-cells into HIV factories.
• Over time: causes lymphocytopenia-and increases risk of opportunistic infections.

• 50-90% acute infection within 4 weeks
• takes up to 3weeks-3 months to create antibodies.
• Labs: Lymphocyte counts, viral load, 4th gen HIV tests, P24antigen, CD4/T-cell count. Antibody tests-western blot, ELISA.

• Antiretrovirals
• Protease inhibitors
• fusion inhibitors
• Non and nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

• Yeast: Diflucan (fluconazole)
• MAC, Tb: Rifadin (rifampin), INH, Biaxin, Zithromax
• Herpes: Zovirax (acyclovir)
• Crytosporidiosis, giardiasis : Flagyl (metronidazole)
• Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Bactrim/ Septra

• Destroy cells that contain a processed antigen
• Most effective against self-cells infected by parasites: such as viruses & protozoa.Cause infected cell to lyse & die

Body develops an overactive stimuli to allergic diseases because of lack of early exposure to infectious agents as a child. Allergies are more common in developed countries due to this. 

caused by RF made by our IgG and IgM that attack healthy tissue. forms immune complexes-activates cytokines that cause inflammation and damage joints

• NSAIDS
• Exercise program
• Elevate affected body part
• Energy conservation
• Stress managment

• Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory properties
• Azulfidine (sulfasalazine) inhibits prostaglandin synthesis; used for those intolerant of NSAIDS
• Minocin (minocycline) tetracycline family-- Off label
• Methotrexate immunosuppressant

• CBC: for white blood cell suppression, anemia, increased platelets
• ESR & CRP: increased in inflammatory diseases (unspecified)
• Rheumatoid Factor: positive or increased in RA & other connective tissue disorders (CTD)
• ANA: antinuclear antibody measures titer of unusual antibodies that destroy the nuclei of cells & cause tissue death
• Complement C3 and C4: and complement total looks at the proteins that act as enzymes that aid in immune and inflammatory response
• Albumin: decreased in chronic inflammation/infection

Inflammatory chemicals from fat such as cytokines and adipokines-promote joint inflammation.


Other cytokines released from fat: Tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-alpha)-causes cancer.

• S/S:arthalgia, fatigue, malaise, wt loss, fever, joint involvement.
• prevent skin infections
• Prevent organ damage by preventing disease process-pharm.

• Antigen-antibody complexes activate clotting cascade.
• Can lead to acute rejection of organ transplant
• CMI causes Tc-Cells and NK cells to penetrate the organ, start an inflammatory response, cause lysis of organ cells

leads to chronic inflammation and scarring which leads to chronic ischemia. leading to organ rejections/ failure.

• immunosuppressive medications
• diet-low sodium
• S/S of infection-teaching
• S/S of rejection: fever, fatigue, SOB, tenderness, decreased urine output.

set of cell surface proteins that are essential for the cell mediated immunity in recognizing foreign molecules.

HIV takes over CD4+ cells and turns them into "HIV factories". A low CD4+ value helps to confirm HIV infection

• Complement system in immunology are proteins that move freely through your bloodstream and play a role in the development of inflammation.
• C3 & C4 are the most commonly checked and High values indicate autoimmune disorders

Eosinophils are present in allergic reactions.

Neutropenia, bands indicate immature neutrophils.