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ideograph method
- Personality techniques that focuses on the individual
- Case studies
- Interviews
- Naturalistic observations (observing something in natural environment)
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Nomothetic Method
- focus on group
- tests, surveys
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Freud and the Victorian era
- The Victorian Era was known for self-control of physical drives
- Freud treating patients in this era (who suffered from mental disorders) led him to believe that their disorders started from sexual conflicts hidden from awareness
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three levels of mind
- conscious
- preconcious
- unconscious
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Conscious
what we are aware of at the particular moment
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Preconscious
thoughts, memories, feelings and images that we can easily remember
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Unconscious (subconscious)
- inaccessible to our conscious mind, the largest part of the mind, deals with wishes, impulses, memories or feelings
- Threatening thoughts/ feelings can be repressed into the unconscious
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Freud's Personality Systems
- The id
- The ego
- The superego
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the id
- evil
- source of personalities desires
- demands instant gratification
- instinct to avoid pain and obtain pleasure
- irrational and self centered
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the ego
- balance
- obeys reality principle ( takes care of needs as soon as appropriate)
- represents reality and reason
- understands other people have needs and desires and being impulsive can hurt others
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the superego
- angel
- conscience ( internalization of punishment and warning)
- rewards us and makes us feel proud
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In a healthy person which is strongest
ego so it can satisfy needs of id and not upset the superego and still take reality of situation into consideration
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ego and defenses
ego has difficulty satisfying the id and superego so the ego gets anxiety and takes extreme measures to relieve pressure (defense mechanisms)
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Freud believed that people are driven by two conflicting central desires
the life drive/ instinct (Libido/ Eros) and the death drive/ instinct (Thanatos)
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Life Instincts (Eros)
- aka sex instincts
- basic survival pleasure and reproduction
- Also includes thirst, hunger, and pain avoidance.
- libido
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Death Instincts (Thanatos)
- the goal of life is death
- people unconsciously want to die but its counteracted by life instincts
- self destructive behavior is expression of death instinct
- can cause aggression and violence
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First five years of life are critical for formation
- personality
- fixation can occur
- To prevent fixation, parents need to be sensitive to a young child's needs in each stage without over indulging them
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oral stage
- 0-1 years old
- mouth - like to receive pleasure form mouth
- conflict - weaning from bottle
- if too traumatic it leads to eating drinking, nail biting, smoking
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anal stage
- 1-3 yrs
- zone - bowel/ bladder
- child gets pleasure from pooping
- conflict- toilet training
- strict rules about toilet training causes child to be constipated and be compulsive, stubborn, orderliness
- leniency can lead to expelling feces all the time and causes disorderliness, messiness, tantrums.
- overly praised= creative and productive
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phallic stage
- 3-5 yrs
- zone -genitals
- child learns differcnces between sexes
- Oedipus complex
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Oedipus/ Electra complex
- carl jung
- conflict between child's sexual desire for their parent of the opposite sex and their fear of punishment from the same sex parent
- castration anxiety - son afraid his father will remove his penis
- girl has penis envy and blames her mom for not having one
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fixation in phallic stage
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latent stage
- 6-12
- zone - sexual feelings inactive
- pleasure in accomplishments
- puberty
- develop ego
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genital stage
- puberty - death
- zone - maturing sexual interests
- sexual attraction occurs
- individual should be well balanced warm and caring
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