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Describe the clavicle in the dog and cat
- cat: separate, nonarticular bone
- Dog: rudimentary or absent, embedded in brachiocephalicus muscle
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what does the spine of the scaula divide
lateral scapula into infraspinous and supraspinous fossae
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what is the acromion
end of the spine of scapula
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what is the caudal projection of the acromionfound in the cat
suprahamate process
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what is the glenoid fossa/cavity and its function
shallow cavity of the scapula articulating with the humerus to form the shoulder joint
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what is the supraglenoid tubercle and what is its function
crfanial process near the glenoid cavity for the attachment of the biceps brachii muscle
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what and where is the greater tubercle
projection located craniolateral to the head of the humerus - point of the shoulder
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what is the intertubercular(bicipital) groove
the sulcus between the greater and lesser humeral tubercles for the biceps brachii tendo
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what is the condyle of the humerus
how many are there per humeri
- entire distal end of the humerus
- one
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what arises from the epicondyles of the humerus
- lateral(extensor) epicondyle: extensors of forearm
- Medial(flexor) epicondyle: flexors
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what foramen is found in canine and feline humeri, and what passes through them
- Dog: supratrochlear foramen - nothing
- Cat: supracondylar foramen - median nerve and brachial vessels
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what and where id the function of the olecranon/olecranon tuberosity? what is a common name for it
serves as a lever arm for the extensor muscle of the elbow. point of elbow
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name the depression of the ulna that articulates with the humerus and its proximal and distal ends
- trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
- Proximal end = anconeal process
- Distal ends = medial and lateral coronoid processes
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what and where is the styloid process of the ulna
distal end of ulna, lateral side
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list the parts of the manus from proximal to distal
- carpus: carpal bones
- metacarpus: metacarpal bones
- digits: proximal, middle, and distal phalanges and associated sesamoid bones
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what does the term carpus designate
carpal bones and compund joint formed by these bones or the region between the forarm and the metacarpus
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name the bones of the carpus and indicate where they are in each row
- proximal row form medial to lateral: radial, ulnar and accessory carpal bones
- distal row: numbered from 1-4 from medial to lateral
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which carpal bone is located laterally and palmarily and is considered a landmark
accessory carpal bone
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list the bones of each digit and their location
- proximal middle and distal phalanges(not middle for dew claw),
- 2 proximal sesamoid bones(1 for dew claw) on palmar side of metacarpophalangeal joints,
- 1 dorsal sesamoid bone for digit 1-4
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what is the fingernail-like structure covering th ungual process
horny claw
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what is the shelf of the distal phalanx covering the root of the claw
ungual crest
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what is the digit (P1, P3, 1 proximal sesamoid)+MtC1 that doesn't reach the ground
dew claw
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what is the configuration of the shoulder (scapulohumeral, humeral) joint
ball and socket joint (spheroidal)
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what type of motion is allowed by the shoulder joint
all movements (universal) but mainly flexion and extension
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what protects the biceps tendon in the intertubercular groove
extension of the shoulder joint capsule (connected) acting as a tendon sheath
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what stabilizes the shoulder joint
no true collateral ligaments, but infraspinatus tendon laterally and subscapularis tendon medially help stabilize
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what bones make up the elbow (cubital) joint
humeral condyle, trochlear notch of ulna, head of radius
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what type of joint is the elbow/cubital joint, and what action is allowed
- ginglymua or hinge joint
- also compound, flexion and extension
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what powerful ligaments bind sides of all the joints of the limb except the shoulder
how does this effect their movement
- lateral and medial collateral ligaments
- limits to mainly flexion and extension
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what type of joint is the carpus
what movement does it allow
- compound/composite hinge joint
- flexion and extension (also gliding and rotation)
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list the joints of the carpus and the movement each allows
- antebrachiocarpal joint: most movement (flexion and extension)
- middle carpal joint
- less but considerable extensions and flexion
- carpometacarpal joint:very little, mainly gliding,
- intercarpal joints: gliding
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list the boundaries of the carpal canal
carpal bones(covered by palmar carpal fibrocartilage) accessory carpal bone and flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
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list the joints of the digitd (the bones they are between)
- Metacarpophalangeal (MP) joints: metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx
- proximal interdigital (PIP) (P1 and P2)
- distal interdigital (DIP or "claw") joint (P2 and P3)
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what bones are located on the palmar side of the metacarpophalangeal joints
- 2 palmar sesamoids (main digits 2-5)
- 1 for dew claw
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what ligament extends from proximal P2 to dorsal P3
- dorsal elastic lig
- unique to carnivores
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what flexor muscles effect the interphalangeal joints
- Prox IP: DDF and SDF
- Distal IP: DDF only
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what is the function of the elastic dorsal ligament of the cat's digits
oppose DDF, keeping claw retracted ("sheathing the claw")
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what local thickening of the deep fascia holds tendons in place
retinaculum
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in which layer are the cutaneous muscles located
in the superficial fasica
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what is the function of the cutaneous muscle
twitch skin,
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what muscle connects the thoracic limb to the head, neck and trunk
extrinsic muscle of the thoracic limb
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name five of the eight extrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb
trapezius, omotransversarius, brachiolcephalicus, superficial and deep pectoral, latissimus forsi, serratus ventralis and rhomboideus
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what extrinsic muscle supports the weight of the trunk
serratus ventralis - forms a sling for the trunk
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what muscles originate and insert on the bones of the thoracic limb
intrinsic muscles of the limb
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what muscles replace collateral ligaments for the shoulder joint
subscapular, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, biceps brahii muscle
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what nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscle
suprascapular nerve
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what is the common insertion of all four heads of the triceps brachii muscle
olecranon
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where does the biceps brachii muscle originate
supraglenoid tuberosity
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what nerve innervates the triceps and other extensors of the elbow, carpus and digits
radial nerve
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how are the forearm musceles grouped
- craniolateral antebrachial muscles = extensors of digits and carpus
- caudal antebrachial muscles = flexors of digits and carpus
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where do most of the extensors of the digits/carpus arise
on or near lateral (extensor) epicondyle
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what muscles arise/originate from the medial(flexor) epicondyle of humerus
caudal antebrachial (flexor) muscles
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what nerve innervates the extensors of the digits and carpus
what innervates the caudal antebrachila muscles (flexor)
- radial nerve
- meian and ulnar
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where does the superficail digit flexor (SDF) and DDF insert
what is the clinical significance of this
- SDF = middle phalanges
- DDF = distal phalanges
- DDF affects the distal interphalangeal joint, SDF doesn't
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where are most of the vessels and nerves of the arm and why
medial side of arm, protection
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list the main arteries to the forelimb and their location
- subclavian a.- medial to first rib
- axillary a.- in axilla
- subscapular a- along caudal scapula
- brachia a- in arm
- common interosseous a.- last brach of brachial
- median (in forearm)
- digital a. in paw
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what are the locations of the cephalic and accessory cephalic veins of the manus; where do they join and continue as the cephalic vein
cephalic palmar paw, accessory cephalicdorsal paw, meet above carpus to travel cranial on the forearm
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can the lymph nodes of the thoracic limb be palpated
- axillary no
- accessory can if present
- superficial cervical yes
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what 2 muscles does the suprascapular nerve innervate
crosses neck of scapula to the supraspinatus and infrspinatus muscle
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what innervates the cutaneous trunci muscle
lateral thoracic nerve
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what nerve innervates the flexor of the elbow and thus is necessary for weight bearing
radial nerve
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what nerves does SS-MAR-MU stand for and from what areas of the brachial plexus do they rise
- SS: Crainal(supraspinatus, subscapularis)
- MAR: middle(musculocutaneous, axillary)
- MU: caudal (medial, ulnar)
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what nerves innervate the extensors and flaxors of the forepaw
- extensor: radial nerve
- flexsor:median & ulnar nerves
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where does the radial nerve become superficial and thus in danger of damage
laterally under the tricps brachii muscle
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what are 2 cutaneous areas of the forepaw
- drosal paw: radial nerve
- Abaxial 5th (lateral)digit: ulnar nerve
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what normal structures can be mistaken for lytic (dissolved) areas of the cortex
nutrient foramina
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what should be done if questions arise from a radiograph of a limb
shoot comparison films of opposite limb
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the different views_____ different sides of the bones
silhouette/highlight
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what does the lateral view highlight
cranial and caudal or dorsal and palmar plantar surfaces of bones
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what are radiographic landmarks for the lateral side of the limb
spine of scapula, greater tubercle(humerus), distal ulna, accessory carpal bone
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what are radiographic landmarks for the medial side of the thoracic limb
radial carpal bone, dew claw
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what are caudal/palmar landmarks of the forelimb
head of humerus, olecranon, accessory carpal
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what does the craniocaudal or dorsaopalmar view highlight
medial and lateral structures of the limb
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name two normal structures that can be mistaken for fractures in the forearm
ancroneal process of ulna, sesamoid. bones of digits or laeral collateral ligament of elbow: accessory ossicle of caudal scapula
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on what side of the limb is the accessory carpal bone
lateral and palmar
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what bone may be mistaken for a chip fracture of the carpus
sesamoid in tendon of oblique carpal extensor
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what is an pathological osseous (bony) outgrowth seen radiographically
osteophyte/enthesiophyte/bone spur
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what is an increase in the density of the bone
sclerosis
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what is destruction of a bone, seen as reduced density (blacker)
lysis
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what is luxation or a dislocation
complete loss of contact between articular surfaces of a joint
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define a subluxation
partial loss of contact between articular surfaces of a joint
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what is osteochondrosis (OC)
defect in endochondral ossification: deeper layer of articular cartilage die
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do you look for radiographic changes in the cartilage in OC
no can't see, check subchondral bone
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list 2 of 4 common sites of OC
- shoulder
- medial humeral condyle
- medial and lateral femoral condyle
- proximal medial trochlea
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what is the #1 site for osteochondrosis in the dog
describe OCD apperance compared to nromal
- caudal aspect of the head of humerus
- normal: smooth and round, with no flattening
- OCD: flattening or cratering with subchondral bone sclerosis(thickening)+- joint mouse
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what can the cat's clavicle be mistaken for in a lateral radiograph
bone in the esophagus
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what can premature closure of either proximal or distal radial physis cause
subluxation of the humeral-radial joint
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where is osteochondrosis of the elbow located
medial condyle of the humerus
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what is ununited anconeal process
failure of anconeal process to unite with ulna after 6 months of age
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what is fragmented medial coronoid process
improper development and fragmentation of cartilaginous precursor
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how are the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus differentiated in a lateral radiograph
medial "squared" and extend further caudally than rounded lateral
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what is the location of most fractures of the humerus
shaft(diaphysis)
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what hinders retration of the median nerve and brachial artery during surgery in the cat
they pass through the supracondylar foramen
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what can cause premature closure of a growth plate
injury to physis (growth plate)
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what happens if there is premature closure of the distal ulnar physis
cranial and medial curvature of the radious, carpal valgus and subluxation of elbow
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what type of fractures often occur in the radius and ulna
open
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how are simple fracture of the ulna and radius often treated
with external casts
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how are olecranon fractures treated and why
requires tension band appliance (2 IM pins and figure eight wire) to conuteract pull of tricps brachii muscle
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what is the first thing you should think about when treating trochlear notch fractures
need exact anatomical reduction because articular
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what is a Monteggia fracture
fracture of the proximal 1/3 of the ulna with redail head luxation
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what is the quick that bleeds if a horny claw is cut to short
artery in the dermis over ungual process
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how is cutting the quick prevented when trimming pigments and unpigemnted claws
- unpigmented: don't cut into visible pink cone
- pigmented: shave off layers until white area reached (just distal to quick) then use 1st to judg the rest
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what must be removed in a declaw/onychetomy to prevent regrowth
ungual crest
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what 2 methods of dewclawing ensure removal of the ungual crest
remove all to P3, or all (includinf ungual crest) but the base/flexor process of P3
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hos is a declaw operation performed basically
guillotine nail clipper: blade in dorsal- distal interphalangeal joint and other distal to digital pad
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what is a sequestrum
piece of dead bone
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when is it best to remove dewclaws in dogs
in neonate
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briefly describe how a dewclaw is removed in a neonate
prep, cut dewclaw from metatarsal bones, single absorbable suture
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what can be mistaken for a chip fracture in a carpal radiograph
sesamoid bone of the oblique carpal extensor tendon
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what, if damage, causes luxation or subluxation of the carpal joint
rupture of the palmar carpal ligament and the joint capsule
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what is the term for extra digits, common in cats
polydactyly
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what is an unhealed fracture, having all strucutres of a synovial joint
flase joint
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what is an articular separation called
luxation, subluxation or dislocation
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what is the most common site of osteochonrosis
shoulder- head of humerus
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with what does the shoulder joint communicate in the canine
intertubercular (bicipital) bursa
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what helps prevent luxation of the shoulder
thickenings of joint capsule (glenohumeral ligaments) and adjacent muscles
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why is lateral luxation more likely in the dog's elbow
lateral epicondyle is smaller than medial
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define ununited anconeal process
failure of anconeal process to unite with ulna after 6 months of age
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when does the anconeal process unite in German shephards
by 6 months
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what can fragmented medial coronoid process cause
degeneration of elbow joint
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what muscle is incised to open the elbow joint laterally
anconeus
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where are subcutaneous injections made
through skin into superficial fascia
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how can pus move from one area to another
along fascial planes
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how can a neck infection spread to the thorax
migrate down fascial planes to the thorax
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how are fascial planes used in surgery
used as cleavage planes to reach deep structures relatively free of blood
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how do you determine unilateral atrophy of shoulder muscles
compare muscles on both side by palpation
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at what level is it easier to amputate the forlimb and why
scapular removal is faster and easier than shoulder disarticulation
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why is leaving the scapula when amputating the forlimb cosmetically unacceptable in short haired breeds
atrophy = unsightly bony prominences
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how do dogs do on three limbs
most adapt well, larger the animal the harder
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what muscles must be transected to remove the entire forelimb including the scapula
all the extrinsic muscles of the forleimb
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what is a tenotomy
transceting a tendon
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what is the easiest vein to use for venipuncture
cephalic vein
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where is venipuncture usually performed on the cephalic vein
in the forarm above the carpus; start distally so that if you "flub" you can move up the arm
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to puncture the external juular vein, first fo through the ____ parallel to the vien and then angle and insert the needle gently into the vein
skin, because it moves freely
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why can't a tourniquet be effectively used in the middle of the antirachium
caudal interosseous is protected from occlusion by deep position between bones
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how is the superficail cervial lymph node palpated in a dog
retract are and palpate ln. deep to brachiocephalicus and cranial to suprapinatus muscle, just forsal to level of acromion
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how is the accessory axillary lymph node palpated if it is present
lay hand flat on thorax caudal to arm and stoke caudally
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shy can a broken neck result in respiratory paralysis
phrenic nerve to diaphragm arises from cervial and bracial plexuses
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