-
reduction
Alkene → alkane
H2 / Pd on C
-
reduction
alkyne → alkane
H2/ Pd on C
-
reduction
alkyne→ alkene (cis)
H2/ Lindlars catyl.
-
reduction
alkyne→ alkene (trans)
-
reduction
aldehyde or ketone → ROH
H2/ Pd on C
(count your carbons, plop OH on)
-
reduction
aldehyde or ketone → Alkane
clemmensen's (Zn (Hg) / HCl)
or
Wolf Kishner (NH2NH2/ -OH)
Take carbonyl or carbonyl-H and count your carbons !
-
reduction
Nitro → Amine (RNH2, R2NH, R3H)
H2/ Pd on C
or
Sn or Fe / HCl
-
reduction
Halides→ r-X
Epoxides → open expoxide with attached r groups
-
oxidation
alkenes → epoxide
- peroxyacid

can add same peroxiacid to cis or trans reactant cis will produce meso compounds and trans will produce racemic mixture
-
oxidation
alkene → diol (not syn)
- 1)McPBA
- 2) H2O (H+ or -OH)
intermediate is an epoxide
-
oxidation
alkene → diol (syn)
- 1) OsO4/pyridine (NMO)
- 2)NaSO3H/ H2o or just ⇾ 30% H2O2
OR
dilute KMnO4 / -OH, cold (or rm temp)
-
oxidation
alkenes→ C=O (mild)
- 1) O3
- :
- 2) Zn/H2o or just --S--
- :
"cut alkene with scissors" count your carbons
-
oxidation
alkenes → carbonyls (strong)
- 1) KMnO4
- 2) H30+ , heat
- needs to be in acidic condition also with heat
-
oxidation
alkyne → C=O
ozonolysis
or
KMnO4/H3o+
-
oxidation
alcohols → C=O
wk ox: PCC,
- strong ox:
- CrO3, Na2Cr2O7, KMnO4
- (in H2SO4)
-
oxidation
alkyl benzene → C=O
- 1) KMnO4/OH/Na2CO3/heat
- 2) Dilute H30+
-
alkene to alkyl halide
R--X
and
X2 in aprotic
if in protic, the product will have one X and OH attached to it
-
Alkene to ROH
H2SO4/ heat
or
- 1) Hg(OAc)2/ H2O/THF
- 2) NaBH4
- has 3 mem ring as intermed.
or
- 1)BH3/ THF
- 2) H2O2/-OH
- (has the "poof")
-
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