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What are types of pregnancy wastage? (4)
- infertility/ low conception rate
- early embryonic death
- abortion
- stillbirth
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What are normal conception rates for dairy and beef farms?
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What is the downside to early pregnancy detection, and how do we mitigate it?
10% of pregnancies found at dat 28 will be lost; re-check around 60 days
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Define the follow in terms of days pregnant:
EED
Abortion
Stillbirth
- EED- lost prior to day 42
- Abortion- lost day 42- term
- Stillbirth- lost day 265 to term (or within 24hr of birth)
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Bacterial causes of pregnancy wastage. (5)
- Lepto borgopetersenii hardjo
- T pyo
- Lepto interrogans subsp. pomona
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Campylobacter fetus subsp venerealis
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When does your suspicion for Lepto borgpetersenii increase?
when cows are found open after being presented for recheck b/c they were seen in heat
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How can you prevent Lepto borgpetesenii infection?
Spirovac (separate from 5way lepto vaccine)
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How can you prevent Lepto borgpetersenii related abortions?
Spirovac doesn't prevent an infected cow from aborting; she must be cleared of infection with tetracycline and then vaccinated to prevent re-infection
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When do you vaccinate a herd for Lepto borgpetersenii?
when the herd has been established positive
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Any infection anywhere in a ruminant that has been there longer than a few weeks (few exceptions: S. aureus mastitis, lumpy jaw) is ___________.
T. pyogenes
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If you find T. pyogenes at necropsy, what should you do?
go looking for he underlying cause (such as BVDv)
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When does Lepto interrogans usually cause abortion problems?
third trimester
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When does Listeria usually cause abortion problems?
third trimester
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When/ how is PW due to Listeria diagnosed?
necropsy of aborted fetus, small grey hepatic foci
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What are clinical signs of the dam associated with Listeria PW? (3)
fever, weight loss, ADR, but NOT CNS signs
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Vibrio is caused by _____________, and if you don't have a(n) ___________, then you don't have Vibrio because...
Campy fetus subsp venerealis; bull; it is a true venereal dz
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Vibrio usually causes ____(2)____.
infertility or EED (not abortion)
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How is vibrio diagnosed?
history and clinical findings suggestive, +/- paired serology, isolation of organism
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Cows infected with Campy fetus subsp venerealis can sometimes...
spontaneously cure.
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___________ are most likely to be chronic carriers of vibrio.
Bulls >4 years old
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How can you prevent/ clear vibrio?
vaccination; can clear a bull by vaccination, cows spontaneously cure
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IBR, caused by ____________, causes abortion at ___________ most commonly, and is diagnosed by...
bovine herpesvirus-1; 4-8 months gestation (but any time of preg possible); necropsy of aborted fetus
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The ____________ of the ML vaccine is what usually causes naive dams to abort after vaccination.
IBR fraction
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Describe prevention of BHV-1.
biosecurity, vaccination
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BVD usually causes _________.
EED (later in gestation, cerebellar hypoplasia or PI)
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How is BVD diagnosed?
necropsy of aborted fetus- submit kidney, lung, lymph node, for fluorescent antibody
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How is BVD prevented?
biosecurity, vaccination
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When does tritrichomonas fetus caused PW?
infertility or EED
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Pyometra, lots of open cows, and EED...what do you think?
tritrichomonas fetus
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Describe management of tritrichomonas fetus.
cows usually clear it within 90 days, bulls over 4yr are permanently infected and should be culled
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How is tritrichomonas diagnosed?
history suggestive, isolation of organism in aborted fetus/dam/bull
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When does Neospora caninum cause PW?
early second trimester (can occur throughout gestation)
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How is Neospora caninum diagnosed?
- necropsy of aborted fetus- often ssee myocarditis- submit heart, liver, tongue
- history- dogs, coyotes pooping in feed/ pasture
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How is Neospora caninum perpetuated in the herd?
NO HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION, cows eat feces of dogs that ate placenta of infected herdmate, vertical from cow to calf
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Viral causes of pregnancy wastage. (2)
BHV-1, BVDv
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Protozoal causes of pregnancy wastage. (2)
Tritrichomonas fetus, Neospora caninum
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When does Aspergillus cause PW?
almost always 3rd trimester but any stage
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What do you almost always see with pregnancy wastage due to Aspergillus?
leathery thickening of placenta, spots on placenta, ringworm like lesions on fetal skin
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Fungal cause of pregnancy wastage.
Aspergillus fumigatus
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What are a few toxic causes of pregnancy wastage? (5)
Fescue, Gossypol (cottonseed), nitrates, mycotoxins, pine needles
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Up to ________ of pregnant cows will show signs of estrus up to 21 days; this is of concern because...
5%; you can knock calves out (ie. abort them) by inseminating them again.
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Iatrogenic causes of pregnancy wastage. (5)
insemination of a preg cow, following too many vaccines at once, following Mu-Se injections, following glucocorticoid administration, following rectal palp (??no not really)
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Incidental causes of pregnancy wastage. (4)
mastitis (esp coliforms), heat, twins, Se deficiency
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What is the most important historical fact when investigating the cause of pregnancy?
stage of gestation when it occurred
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Potential causes of outbreaks of abortion. (3)
NEOSPORA CANINUM, BHV-1 (less likely in vaccinated herd), BVDv
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Causes of EED (PW in first 42 days). (3)
- Vibrio (Campy fetus ss venerealis)
- BVDv
- Tritrichomoas fetus
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Causes of infertility/ decreased conception rate. (3)
- Lepto borgpetersenii
- Vibrio (Campy fetus ss venerealis)
- Tritrichomonas fetus
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Causes of abortion in secondary trimester. (2)
- Early- Neospora caninum (any stage really tho)
- Late- BHV-1
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Causes of abortion in the third trimester. (4)
- Lepto interrogans ss pomona
- Listeria
- BHV-1
- Aspergillus (any stage really tho)
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