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Anthro 101 Study Guide Macroevolution and Classification
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What is Macroevolution?
Concept for understanding:
our place in the biological world
What kind of animal are we and how did we get that way?
our emergence around 200,000 years ago
What are the 2 types of speciation?
Phyletic Transformation
Cladogenesis
Phyletic transformation
conversion of a species into a new species over long periods of time
Cladogenesis
“branching” evolution – splitting of a species
2 types of Cladogenesis
Allopatric
parapatric
Allopatric
Production of new species by branching of existing ones.
Begins with geographical isolation
Parapatric
speciation in the context of partially overlapping ranges
Example
: Papio Anubis, Papio hamadryas, Papio cynocephalus
Phylogeny
evolution of a genetically related group of organisms
What is adaptive radiation and what is a good example of it?
hint: lemurs, what is it about lemurs that makes them such a good example of adaptive radiation?
expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches.
lemurs
: Lemur separation/Madagascar/ only live in Madagascar
Two factors
:
1) Species has to have adaptive potential Some species are more adaptable than others Primates are very adaptable
2) Adaptive opportunities
Taxonomy/taxa
Groups =taxa
Taxonomy
: classification of organisms according to their relationship and ordering of groups into hierarchies
Linnaean system
Old system based on Phenetic classification
Today its based on Cladistic classification
Difference between Phenetic and cladistic classification
Phenetic:
based on physical, directly observable similarities or differences between taxa
Cladistic:
taxonomy based on evolutionary descent Typically Genetic “distance” for cladistics classification
list in hierarchical order the basic labels of the Linnaean Classification System
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Humans in Linnaean System
Kingdom:
Animal
Phylum:
Chordata (has to do with spinal column)
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Primates/primata
Family:
Hominidae
Genus:
Homo
Species:
sapiens
*lowercase species name
Primitive traits
derived from distant early ancestors
Premolars = 8
Prehensile hands
Old world monkeys, apes, and humans
Shared derived traits
inherited from a more recent ancestor
Tail
Old world monkey have tails
Apes and humans don’t have tails
Unique derived traits
adaption specific to species
Humans have flat feet because they are fully upright and bipedal
Monkeys feet can pick things up
Define Classification
grouping of similar entities
means for structuring data within groups (similarities) and between groups (dissimilarities)
niche
a specific resource used by species
Modes of Change
(PG-TAPE)
Psuedo Extinction
Gradualism
True Extinction
Adaptive Radiation
Punctuated Equilibrium
Extinction
Modes of Change:
Psuedo Extinction
phyletic transformation
All species last about 4 mil. Years which is avg for all species of life
Modes of Change:
Gradualism
gradual change in evolving species over a long period of time
you can actually see these changes
Modes of Change:
True Extinction
all members of a species die
Modes of Change:
Adaptive Radiation
expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches
Modes of Change:
Punctuated Equilibrium
long periods of no change punctuated by rapid events of change
Fewer intermediate forms because time is relatively short
Modes of Change:
Extinction
loss of a species because all members die
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Author
ccmsanchez
ID
318791
Card Set
Anthro 101 Study Guide Macroevolution and Classification
Description
Study Guide
Updated
2016-04-11T23:59:44Z
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