Anthro 101 Midterm section 1

• Concept for understanding:
• our place in the biological world
• Our emergence around 200,000 years ago and what kind of animal are we and how did we get that way?

Study of biological evolution over many generations and???

• production of new species (reproductively isolated group) Speciation is Divergence
• (don’t confuse with convergence)

• phyletic transformation
• cladogenesis

conversion of a species into a new species over long periods of time

“branching” evolution – splitting of a species

evolution of a genetically related group of organisms

• allopatric
• parapatric

• Production of new species by branching of existing ones.
• Begins with geographical isolation

• speciation in the context of partially overlapping ranges  
• Example? Papio Anubis, Papio hamadryas, Papio cynocephalus, 4 million years?

specific resources used by species

• Psuedo Extinction
• Gradualism
• True Extinction
• Adaptive Radiation
• Punctuated Equilibrium
• Extinction

• phyletic transformation
• All species last about 4 mil. Years…avg for all species of life Ongoing environmental change
• opens up the niches????

• change accumulates gradually in evolving species
• Many intermediate forms over a long time species wise
• You can actually see these changes

all members of a species die

• expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches.
• ex. lemurs: Lemur separation/Madagascar/ only live in Madagascar/
• Two factors: Species has to have adaptive potential Some species are more adaptable than others Primates are very adaptable
• Adaptive opportunities

• long periods of no change punctuated by rapid events of change
• Fewer intermediate forms because time is relatively short

loss of a species because all members die

• the grouping of similar entities
• means for structuring data withing groups (similarities) and between groups (differences)

groups equals taxa

classification of organisms according to their relationship and ordering of groups into hierarchies

Old system based on Phenetic classification: based on physical, directly observable similarities or differences between taxa

Today its based on….. Cladistic classification: taxonomy based on evolutionary descent Typically Genetic “distance” for cladistics classification

• Kingdom: Animal
• Phylum: Chordata (has to do with spinal column)
• Class: Mammalia
• Order: Primates/primata
• Family: Hominidae
• Genus: Homo
• Species: sapiens

• Primitive
• Shared
• unique derived

• derived from distant early ancestors
• Premolars = 8
• Prehensile hands
• Old world monkeys, apes, and humans

• inherited from a more recent ancestor
• ex: Tail:
• Old world monkey have tails
• Apes and humans don’t have tails

• adaption specific to species
• Humans flat feet bc they are fully upright and bipedal
• Feet can pick things up; monkeys

• Traits shared and inherited from common ancestor
• whale & frog = shorter forelimb
• Horse & lion
• Human
• Bat & bird

• Traits similar in function but not related evolutionarily
• homologous = bat wing and human forearm
• Analgous = bat and butterfly