-
Define acute versus chronic diarrhea.
- acute <2 weeks
- chronic >2-3 weeks
-
Describe typical small intestinal diarrhea. (4)
large volume, +/- melena, weight loss, +/- vomiting
-
Describe typical large intestinal diarrhea. (6)
small volume, hematochezia, mucus, tenesmus, increased frequency/urgency, no weight loss
-
What are causes of primary GI disease. (5)
inflammatory, infectious, dietary, drugs/toxins, neoplasia
-
What are causes of secondary GI disease? (5)
pancreas, adrenal, thyroid, hepatic, +/- renal (rarely)
-
What is included on a GI panel? (4)
PLI, TLI, cobalamin, folate
-
If an animal with diarrhea has decreased or increased hematocrit/RBCs, what are you thinking in each case?
- decreased- anemia- GI blood loss, chronic inflammation
- increase- hemoconcentration- dehydration
-
Contrast acute versus chronic GI bleeding as differentiated by a CBC/Chem.
- acute- typically regenerative, expect decreased in albumin
- chronic- maybe not regenerative- iron deficiency- microcytic, hypochromic anemia
-
What are causes of increased and decreased platelets on a CBC of an animal with diarrhea?
- Thrombocytosis- chronic GI bleeding or chronic inflammation
- Thrombocytopenia- primary thrombocytopenia can cause significant GI bleeding
-
What leukogram do you expect with a sick animal?
stress leukogram- lymphopenia most consistent finding
-
What are CBC findings with addison's disease?
neutropenia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia
-
An animal had diarrhea and lacks a stress leukogram; what are you thinking?
addison's should be a top differential
-
What BUN/Cre abnormalities might you see in an animal with diarrhea and why?
BUN increased with normal Cre- GI bleed
-
What are causes of increased BUN? (4)
dehydration, GI bleed, high protein meal, kidney disease
-
What might cause low BUN/Cre? (3)
decreased hepatic synthesis, PSS, polyuria
-
What causes panhypoproteinemia in an animal with GI disease? (1)
PLE
-
What causes hypoalbuminemia in animals with GI disease? (4)
decreased hepatic synthesis, acute negative phase protein, addison's, renal loss
-
What causes increased albumin in an animal with GI disease? (1)
dehydration
-
What causes hyperglobulinemia in an animal with GI disease? (3)
chronic inflammation, neoplasia, FIP
-
What causes hypoCa2+in an animal with GI disease? (2)
- PLE (loss of Ca2+ bound to albumin)
- loss in diarrhea
-
What electrolyte derangements are common with upper GI obstruction?
hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
-
What electrolyte derangements are common with addisons?
decreased sodium and increased potassium
-
What electrolyte derangement sometimes occurs with whipworm infection? (2)
low Na+, high K+
-
What GI diseases can cause hypoglycemia? (5)
addison's, liver failure, sepsis, insulinoma or paraneoplasia, anorectic young animals
-
What auxillary tests are important and why in an animal with apparent GI disease? (5)
- UA- decide where proteins are being lost, find concurrent disease
- Fecal- parasites, bacteria
- Radiography- organ size/ location, obstruction, intussuception, masses
- US- intestinal wall thickness, pancreas, lymph nodes, liver, adrenals
- GI panel
-
What can you identify by PLI measurement? (1)
pancreatitis
-
What does TLI tell you about?
trypsin-like immunoreactivity--> exocrine pancreas insufficiency
-
How is measuring cobalamin useful for you?
[vit B12- absorbed in distal SI] low--> malabsorption in distal SI (ileum)
-
How is measuring folate useful for you?
[absorbed in proximal SI] low--> malabsorption in proximal SI
-
What are causes of hypocholesterolemia? (3)
addison's, GI loss, decreased hepatic synthesis
|
|
