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All descriptions of the body start with the assumption that the body is in the _________ position.
anatomical position
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The term medial refers to a position on the body
closer to the midline
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When the body is divided into front and back halves, the front half of the body is called
Anterior
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Some respiratory distress patients feel better if the head of the stretcher is raised so the body is at a 45- to 60-degree angle. This is known as
Fowler's position
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The five divisions of the spine, in order from top to bottom, are
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Lumbar
- Sacral
- Coccyx
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The ischium, pubis, and acetabulum are all parts of the
Pelvis
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The type of muscle that is under conscious control of the brain via the nervous system is the
Voluntary muscle
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The components of the blood that carry oxygen to the tissues are the
Erythrocytes
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The nerves that carry messages from the brain to the body are the
Motor nerves
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The production of insulin and epinephrine takes place within the
endocrine system
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Anterior
The front of the body or body part
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Posterior
the back of the body or body part
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Inferior
Away from the head
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Proximal
Closer to the torso
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Distal
Farther away from the torso
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Fowler's position
A sitting position
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Trendelenburg position
- A position in which the patient's feet and legs are higher than the head
- (shock position)
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Tissue that connects bone to bone
Ligament
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Tissue that connects muscle to bone
Tendon
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The lower jaw bone
mandible
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The two fused bones forming the upper jaw
Maxille
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The bony structure around the eyes; the eye sockets
Orbits
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Forms the structure of the cheeks
Zygomatic arches
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The spinal column
Vertebrae
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How many bones make uop the spinal column
33
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The superiorportion of the sternum
Manubruim
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The inferior portion of the sternum
Xiphoid process
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The superior and widest portion of the sternum
Ilium
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The lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
ischium
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The medial anterior portion of the pelvis
Pubis
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The pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint
- Acetabulum
- (AS-uh-TAB-yul-lum)
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Large bone of the thigh
Femur
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The medial and larger bone of the lower leg
tibia
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The lateral and smaller bone of the lower leg
Fibula
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Protrusion on the side of the ankle
Malleolus
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The foot bones
Metatarasals
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The toe & finger bones
Phalanges
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The shoulder blade
Scapula
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The highest portion of the shoulder
Acromion process
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The joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
Acromioclavicular joint
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The bone of the upper arm
Humerus
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The lateral bone of the forearm
Radius
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The medial bone of the forearm
Ulna
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The hand bones
Metacarpals
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Muscle that can be consciously controlled
Voluntary muscle
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Muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
Involuntary muscle
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Specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
Cardiac muscle
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A leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea
Epiglottis
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The "windpipe"; the structure that connects the pharynx to the lungs
Trachea
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The organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide take place
Lungs
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The two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs.
Bronchi
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The microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place.
Alveoli
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The muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
Diaphragm
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The two upper chambers of the heart
Atria
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The two lower chambers of the heart
Ventricles
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Any blood vessel carrying blood away from the heart
Artery
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Blood vessels that supply the muscle of the heart
Coronary arteries
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The largest artery in the body
Aorta
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Components of the blood that carry oxygen to and carbon dioxide away from the cells
Red blood cells
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Components of blood that produces substances that help the body fight infections
White blood cells
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The pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation
Systolic blood pressure
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The pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling
Diastolic blood pressure
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The central nervous system consists of?
The brain & spinal cord
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Produces bile; which is excreted into the small intestine to assist in the breakdown of fats. Detoxifies harmful substances, stores sugar, & assists in producing blood products
Liver
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Storage system for bile from the liver
Gallbladder
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Produces hormone insulin and assists in the breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fat
Pancreas
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Acts as a blood filtering system filtering out older blood cells
Spleen
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3 major layers of skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Subcutaneous layer
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The smallest kind of artery
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The smallest kind of vein
Venule
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Signs of shock
- Altered mental status
- Pale,cool,clammy, skin
- Nausea & vomiting
- Vital sign changes
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Signs of internal bleeding
- Injuries to the surface of body
- Bruising, swelling, pain over vital organs
- Painful swollen, deformed extremities
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Three major types of shock
- Hypovolemic (blood / fluid loss)
- Cardiogenic (inadequate pumping of heart)
- Neurogenic (nerve paralysis)
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The three methods of controlling external bleeding:
- Direct pressure
- Elevation
- Pressure points
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Adequate breathing:
Adult
Child
Infant
- Adult: 12-20
- Child: 15-30
- Infant: 25-50
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Signs of breathing difficulty;
- breathing rate, rhythm
- increase / decrease pulse rate
- pale, cyanotic, or flushed skin
- noisey breathing
- flared nostrils / pursed lips
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OPQRST
- Onset
- Provocation
- Quality
- Radiation
- Severity
- Time
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The Pediatric Assessment triangle
- Appearance - mental status, body position, muscle tone
- Breathing - visible movement, effort, audible sounds
- Circulation - skin color
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Common causes of shock in infants & children:
- Diarrhea and/or vomiting (dehydration)
- Infection
- Trauma
- Blood loss
- Allergic reactions
- Poisoning
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The number one cause of death in infants and children?
Trauma
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Steps in the initial assessment
- general impression
- mental status
- airway
- breathing
- circulation
- priority
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AVPU
- alert
- verbal response
- painful responce
- unresponsive
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High priority conditions:
- poor general impression
- unresponsive
- difficulty breathing
- shock
- complicated childbirth
- uncontrolled bleeding
- severe painblood pressure below 100
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Vital signs
- pulse
- respirations
- skin color, temperature,condition
- pupils
- blood pressure
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SAMPLE history:
- S-Signs and symptoms
- A-Allergies
- M-Medications
- P-Pertinent past history
- L-Last oral intake'
- E-Events leading to injury or illness
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DCAP - BTLS
- Deformities
- Contusions
- Abrasions
- Punctures / Penetrations
- Burns
- Tenderness
- Lacerations
- Swelling
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A clot formed of blood and plaque attached to the inner wall of an artery
Thrombus
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The dilation, or balloning, of a weakend section of the wall of an artery
Aneurysm
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Accumulation of fluid in the lungs
Pulmonary edema
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The failure of the heart to pump efficientley, leading to excessive blood or fluid in the lungs or the body
Congestive heart failure
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