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When is diagnostic evaluation of ruminant respiratory disease warranted?
if recurrent outbreaks occur or if the animals do not respond to appropriate therapy
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What viral agents are associated with respiratory disease of sheep and goats? (7)
BRSV, PIV-3, adenovirus, bluetongue virus, OPP/Maedi-Visna virus of sheep, ovine pulmonary carcinoma, CAEV in goats
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What bacterial agents are associated with respiratory disease in sheep and goats? (5)
Mannheimia haemolytica A2, Pasteurella multocida, Bibersteinia trehalosi, Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, Mycoplasma mycoides supsp mycoides (goats)
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What is the most common cause of reduced productivity in sheep and goats?
enzootic pneumonia
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Describe prevention, control, and treatment of enzootic pneumonia. (5)
colostrum management, reduce stress , reduce stocking density, ventilation, antimicrobials
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Describe the association b/w B. trehalosi and respiratory disease.
can be isolated from healthy animals; isolating it from a sick animal does not mean it's the primary cause of disease
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Describe the disease associated with B. trehalosi in wild bighorn sheep.
severe, acute bronchopneumonia- myocardial hemorrhage, septicemia; this is a problem for bighorn sheep in areas where cattle and domestic sheep graze
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What is ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma?
beta retroviral induced bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of sheep (mostly)
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Describe the pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
veta retrovirus is integrated into genome of sheep and goats--> lung cancer (not always)
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What are the signs of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma? (7)
exercise intolerance, weight loss with good appetite, dyspnea, tachypnea, crackles, wheezes, pulmonary fluid (+ wheelbarrow test- life hing legs, fluid pours out of nostrils)
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What antibiotic should NEVER be used in goats?
micotil- it kills them (it's okay to use in sheep)
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What vaccines for resp disease are labelled for sheep and goats?
none
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Describe the B. trehalosi microbe. (3)
gram neg non-enteric; ferments trehalose (sugar); produces leukotoxin
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What are differentials to rule out when diagnosing ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma? (4)
ovine progressive pneumonia (Maedi-visna), bronchopneumonia, verminous pneumonia, caseous lymphadenitis
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Describe Maedi-Visna.
non-oncogenic retrovirus that infects monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells
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How is Maedi-visna transmitted? What disease does it cause? (2)
colostrum/milk, nasal secretions
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Describe the progression of Maedi-visna (OPP) and the clinical implications of this.
get infected when nursing--> 3-4 years old, you see signs; by the time you see your first clinical cases, seroprevalence in the herd will be pretty high
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What are clinical signs of OPP/Maedi-visna? (5)
thin ewe syndrome, progressive respiratory failure, "hard bag" (no milk, all tissue/WBCs in udder), posterior paresis, chronic arthritis
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What are diagnostics for OPP/Maedi-visna?
clinical signs/post-mortem lesions, ELISA testing, AGID (test every animal every 6 months- expensive)
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When do you test sheep for Maedi-visna and why?
test animals >6 months old; it takes a while for retrovirus to be integrated into the animal’s DNA and begin making antibodies against it; all young animal will be + because they got WBCs from their mother in colostrum
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Describe prevention of Maedi-visna. (4)
- test and cull every 6 months
- remove lambs at birth and raise at a clean site
- depop/repop
- reduce the possibility of iatrogenic transmission
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What primary diseases are caused by CAEV? (3)
arthritis, CNS disease, rarely pneumonia (chronic interstitial pneumonia)
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What are the 3 lungworms of sheep and goats?
Dictyocaulus filaria, Muellaris capillaris, Protostrongylus rufescens
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What type of life cycle does D. filaria have in sheep/goats?
direct lifecycle, picked up by grazing
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What kind of life cycle does M. capillaris and P. rufescens have in sheep/ goats?
indirect life cycle- involves mollusk IH
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How do you treat D. filaria in sheep/goats? (4)
Levamisole, fenbendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin
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How do you treat M. capillaris in sheep/goats? (5)
fenbendazole, albendazole, oxfendazole, ivermectin, moxidectin
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What product can you not use to treat M. capillaris and why not?
levamisole- it is resistant
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How do you treat P. rufescens in sheep/goats? (3)
Levamisole, fenbendazole, moxidectin
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