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How do you make these words plural?
Diagnosis
Pelvis
Neurosis
- Change "is" to "es"
- Diagnoses
- Pelves
- Neuroses
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How do you make these words plural?
Bronchus
Bacillus
Calculus
Embolus
- Change "us" to "i"
- Bronchi
- Bacilli
- Calculi
- Emboli
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How do you make these words plural?
Sclera
Scapula
Vena cava
- Plurals add an "e"
- Sclerae
- Scapulae
- Venae cavae
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How do you make these words plural?
Acetabulum
Capitulum
Septum
Diverticulum
- Change the "um" to an "a"
- Acetabula
- Capitula
- Septa
- Diverticula
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How do you make these words plural?
Calix
Cervix
Index
Varix
- Change "ix" or "ex" to "ices"
- Calices
- Cervices
- Indicies
- Variecs
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How do you make these words plural?
Adenoma
Carcinoma
Fibroma
- Words ending in "oma" are made plural by the addition of a "ta" or "s"
- Adenomata or adenomas
- Carcinomata or carcinomas
- Fibromata or fibromas
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How do you make these words plural?
Larynx
Phalanx
- Words ending in "nx" change the "x" to "ges"
- Larynges
- Phalanges
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How do you make these words plural?
Ganglion
- Change words ending in "on" to "a" or add an "s"
- ganglia or ganglions
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How do you make this word plural?
Thorax
- Words ending in "ax" change to "aces"
- Thoraces
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Adip/o; lip/o; steat/o
Fat
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Derm/o; dermat/o; cutane/o
Skin
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Myel/o
- Bone marrow
- (also means spinal cord)
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Spin/o
Spine; spinal (vertebral) column; backbone
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Vertebr/o; spondyl/o
Vertebra
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Cerebr/o; encephal/o
Brain
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Myel/o
Spinal cord (also means bone marrow)
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Parathyroid/o
Parathyroid glad
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Pituitar/o
Pituitary gland
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Angi/o; vascul/o; vas/o
Vessel
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Lymph/o
Lymph (clear, watery fluid)
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Lymphaden/o
Lymph glands; lymph nodes
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Lymphangi/o
Lymph vessels
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Alevol/o
Air sac; alveolus
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Bronch/o; bronchi/o
Bronchus
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Bronchiol/o
Small bronchial tubes
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Laryng/o
Voice box; larynx
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Pharyng/o
Thorat; pharynx
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Pneum/o; pneumon/o; pulmon/o
Lungs
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Trache/o
Windpipe; trachea
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Col/o
Large intestine; colon
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Pharyng/o
Throat; phraynx (also part of the respiratory system)
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Ren/o; nephr/o
(my nephew is a kid)
Kidneys
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Orchid/o; test/o; testicul/o
Testicle; testis
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Vas/o
Ductus (vas) deferens
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Salping/o
Fallopian tubes; uterine tubes
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Uter/o; hyster/o; metr/o
Uterus
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Vulv/o
Vulva; external genitalia
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-algia
Cephalgia; Arthralgia; Otalgia
- Pain
- Examples
- Cephalgia - headache
- Arthralgia - joint pain
- Otalgia - earache
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-cele
Cystocele; rectocele; encephalocele
- Hernia (protrusion or displacement of an organ through a structure that normally contains it)
- Example:
- Cystocele - hernia of the urinary bladder; protrusion of the bladder onto the vagina walls
- Rectocele - hernia of the rectum; protrusion of the rectum onto the vaginal wall
- Encephalocele - hernia of the brain
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-dynia
Gastrodynia; mastodynia
- Pain
- Example:
- Gastrodynia - stomach pain
- Mastodynia - breast pain
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-emesis
Hematemesis
- Vomiting
- Example:
- Hematemesis - vomiting of blood
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-emia
Glycemia
- Blood condition
- Example:
- Glycemia - sugar in the blood
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-ia
Pneumonia
- State of; condition
- Example:
- Pneumonia - condition of the lung (most commonly known as an inflammation of the lung)
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-itis
Eteritis; stomaitis; spondylitis
- Inflammation (the redness, swelling, heat, and pain that occur when the body protects itself fomr injury)
- Example:
- Enteritis - inflamed small intestine
- Stomatitis - inflamed mouth
- Spondylitis - inflamed vertebra
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-lysis
Hemolysis
- Destruction; separation; breakdown
- Example:
- Hemolysis - breakdown of blood
**think of the word "analysis" meaning to "breakdown or separate into parts"
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-malacia
Cereromalacia; Chondromalacia
- Softening
- Examples:
- Cerebromalacia - softening of the brain
- Chondromalacia - softening of cartilage
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-megaly
Visceromegaly
- Enlargement
- Example:
- Visceromegaly - enlargement of the internal organs
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-oma
Lipoma; myoma
- Tumor; mass
- Example:
- Lipoma - tumor containing fat
- Myoma - tumor containing muscle
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-osis
Nephrosis
- Abnormal condition
- Example:
- Nephrosis - abnormal condition of the kidney
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-pathy
Ureteropathy
- Disease process
- Example:
- Ureteropathy - disease process of the ureter to the bladder for the passage of urine
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-penia
Cytopenia
- Decrease, deficiency
- Example:
- Cytopenia - deficiency of cells
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-phobia
Acrophobia
- Irrational fear
- Example:
- Acrophobia - fear of heights
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-ptosis
Blepharoptosis; nephroptosis
- Downward displacement; drooping; prolaspe; sagging
- Example:
- Blepharoptosis - drooping eyelid
- Nephroptosis - drooping kidney
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-pytsis
Hemoptysis
- Spitting
- Example:
- Hemoptysis - spitting up blood
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-rrhage; -rrhagia
Hemmorrage; gastrorrhagia
- Bursting forth
- Example:
- Hemorrage - bursting forth of blood; bleeding
- Gastrorrhagia - bleeding from the stomach
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-rrhea
Otorrhea
- Flow; discharge
- Example:
- Otorrhea - discharge from the ear
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-rrhexis
Splenorrhexis
- Rupture
- Example:
- Splenorrhexis - ruptured spleen
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-sclerosis
Arteriosclerosis
- Hardening
- Example:
- Arteriosclerosis - hardening of the arteries
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-spasm
Blepharospasm
- Sudden, involuntary contraction
- Examlpe:
- Blepharospasm - sudden, involuntary contraction of he eyelid
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-stenosis
Phlebostenosis
- Narrowing; stricture
- Example:
- Phlebostenosis - narrowing of a vein
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-y
Neuropathy; mircoencephaly
- Process
- Example:
- Neuropathy (neur/o + path/o + y) - diesase process of the nerve
- Mircoencephaly (mirc/o + encephal/o + y) - small brain
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-gram
Lymphangiogram
- Record; writing
- Example:
- Lymphangiogram - record of the lymph vessel (by the use of xrays)
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-graph
Cardiograph
- Instrument used to record
- Example:
- Cardiograph - instrument used to record heart activity
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-graphy
Computed tomography; mammography; myelography
- Process of recording; producing images
- Example:
- Computed tomography (tom/o - to cut) CT Scan
- Xray beam rotates around the patient detailing various depths. The information is computer analyzed and converted to a picture of the body part. Common body parts studied in his fashion include the abdomen, kidneys, brain, and chest.
- Mammography - producing images of breast
- Myelography - producing images of the spinal cord
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-meter
Craniometer
- Instrument used to measure; process of meaning
- Example
- Craniometer - instrument used to measure the skull
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-metry
Pelvimetry
- To measure; measurment
- Example:
- Pelvimetry - measurement of the pelvis
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-opsy
Biopsy
- To view
- Example:
- Biopsy - a procedure involving the removal of a piece of living tissue, which is then mircoscopically examined for any abnormalities
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-scope
Bronchoscope
- Instrument used visually examine (a body cavity or organ)
- Bronchoscope - instrument used to visually examine the intereior of bronchus
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-scopy
Bronchoscopy; flouroscopy
- Process of visually examining (a body cavity or organ)
- Bronchoscopy - process of visually examining the bronchus
- Flouroscopy - xray of moving structures, such as the movement of substance through the digestive tract (in this term, -scopy does not mean the process of visually examining a body cavity or organ. A flouroscopy produces an image of a structure on a flourescent screen rather than on a single x-ray film. This procedure has the advantage of allowing observation of structures as they move.
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-centesis
Abdominocentesis; Thoracocentesis
- Surgical puncture to remove fluid
- Example:
- Abdominocentesis - surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen
- Thoracocentesis - surgical puncture of the chest wall to remove excess fluid from around the lungs.
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-desis
Arthrodesis
- Surgical binding; surgical fusion
- Example:
- Arthrodesis - surgical fusion of a joint
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-ectomy
Oophorectomy; Tonsillectomy
- Excision; surgical removal
- Example:
- Oophorectomy - excision of the ovary
- Tonsillectomy - excision of the tonsils
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-pexy
Nephropexy
- Surgical fixation
- Example:
- Nephropexy - surgical fixation of the kidney
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-plasty
Orchidoplasty
- Surgical reconstruction; surgical repair
- Example:
- Orchidoplasty - surgical reconstruction of the testicle
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-rrhaphy
Colporrhapy
- Suture; sew
- Example:
- Colporrhapy - suturing of the vagina
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-stasis
Hemostasis
- Stoppage; stopping; controlling
- Example:
- Hemostasis - stoppage of blood
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-stomy
Tracheostomy
- New opening; artificial opening
- Example:
- Tracheostomy - new opening into the trachea
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-tome
Myotome
- Instrument used to cut
- Example:
- Myotome - instrument used to cut muscle
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-tomy
Tendotomy
- Process of cutting; incision
- Example:
- Tendotomy - process of cutting a tendon
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-cyte
Adipocyte; histiocyte; histocyte
- Cell
- Example:
- Adipocyte - fat cell
- Histiocyte; histocyte - tissue cell
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-er; -ician, -logist, -ist
Pracitioner; physician; neurologist; pharmacist
- Specialist; one who specializes; specialist in the study of
- Example:
- Pracitioner - one who has obtained the proper requirements to work in a specific field of study
- Physician - specialist in the study of medicine who has graduated from a recognized school of medicine and is licensed by the appropirate authority to practice
- Neurologist - specialist in the study of the nervous system and its disorders
- Pharmacist - specialist licensed to prepare and dispense drugs
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-ion
Section
- Process
- Example:
- Section - process of cutting
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-logy
Hepatology; physiology
- Study of; process of study
- Example:
- Hepatology - study of the liver
- Physiology - study of function (the study of how a structure functions)
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-or
Organ donor
- One who; person or thing that does something
- Example:
- Organ donor - one who donates organ tissue to be used in another body
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-plasia
Chrondroplasia
- Formation; developement
- Example:
- Chrondroplasia - formation of cartilage
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-poiesis
Hematopoiesis
- Production; manufacture; formation
- Example:
- Hematopoiesis - production of blood
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-genic
Carcinogenic
- Produced by; producing
- Carcinogenic - producing cancer (agent that peoduces cancer)
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-oid
Osteoid
- Resembling
- Example:
- Osteoid - resembling bone
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-ole; -ule
Bronchiole; venule
- Small
- Example:
- Bronchiole - small bronchus
- Venule - small vein
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-ac; -al; -ary; -eal; -ic; -ous
Cardiac; renal; mammary; pharyngeal; gastric; venous
- Pertaining to
- Example:
- Cardiac - pertaining to heart
- Renal - pertaining to kidney
- Mammary - pertaining to breast
- Pharyngeal - pertaining to the throat
- Gastric - pertaining to the stomach
- Venous - pertaining to the vein
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-cuspid
Projection; cusps
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Development; formation
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-version
Turning; tilting
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Ab-
Abduction
- Away from
- Example: process of drawing away from
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Ad-
Adduction
- Toward
- Example:
- Adduction - process of drawing toward
- ** when you add something, you bring it toward you.
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Ante-
Antenatal (same as prenatal)
- Before
- Example:
- Antenatal - pertaining to before birth, referring to the fetus; prenatal
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Circum-
Circumduction
- Around
- Example:
- Circumduction - process of drawing a part in a circular motion
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Dia-
Diameter; Diagnosis
- Through; complete
- Example:
- Diameter - measurement from edge to edge of a circle
- Diagnosis - one disease is differentiated from another disease after compete knowledge of the disease is obtained through a study of the signs and symptoms, and through laboratory, xray, and other diagnostic procedures
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Ecto-
Ectogenous
- Oustide
- Example:
- Ectogenous - produced from the outside; infection thay originates from outside
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Endo-
Endoscope
- Within
- Example:
- Endoscope - instrument used to visually examine a body cavity or organ
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Epi-
Epigastric
- Upon; on; above
- Example:
- Epigastric- pertaining to upon the stomach
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E-; ex-; exo-; extra-
Eversion; excision; extraocular;
- Out; outward; outside
- Example:
- Eversion - process of turning out, as in the turning of the sole of the foot outward
- Excision - process of cutting
- Extraocular - pertaining ro outside the eye
- ** ex mean OUT, as in exit
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Hyper-
Hyperplasia
- Excessive; above
- Example:
- Hyperplasia - excessive formation; increase in the number of normal cells
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Hypo-
Hypogastric
- Below; under; deficient
- Example:
- Hypogastric - pertaining to below the stomach
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In-
Incision; Inversion
- In; into
- Example:
- Incision - process of cutting into
- Inversion - process of turning in, as in turning of the sole o the foot inward
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Infra-
Infracostal
- Below; beneath
- Example:
- Infracostal - pertaining to below the ribs
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Inter-
Intercellular
- Between
- Example:
- Intercellular - pertaining to between cells
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Intra-
Intracranial
- Within
- Example:
- Intracranial - pertaining to within the skull
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Meta-
Metaplasia; Metastasis
- Beyond
- Example:
- Metaplasia - change in formation
- Metastasis - the uncontrolled spread of cancerous cells from one organ to another
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Para-
Paranasal
- Beside; near
- Example:
- Paranasal - pertaining to near the nose
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Per-
Percutaneous
- Through
- Example:
- Percutaneous - pertaining to through the skin
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Peri-
Perineuritis
- Around
- Example:
- Perineuritis - inflammation of the nerve
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Post-
Postmortem
- After
- Example:
- Postmortem - after death
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Pre-
Prenatal
- Before; in front of
- Example:
- Prenatal - pertaining to before birth, referring to the fetus
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Pro-
Prodome; Prognosis
- Before
- Example:
- Prodome - symptoms occuring before he onset of disease.
- Prognosis - prediction or forecast of the outcome o disease
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Retro-
Retroversion
- Back behind
- Example:
- Retroversion - backward turning or tipping of an organ
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Sub-
Subcutaneous; Sublingual
- Under; below
- Example:
- Subcutaneous - pertaining to under the skin
- Sublingual - pertaining to under the tongue
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Supra-
Suprarenal
- Above
- Example:
- Suprarenal - pertaining to above the kidney
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Trans-
Transection
- Across
- Example:
- Transection - process of cutting across
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Ultra-
Ultrasonography
- Beyond
- Example:
- Ultrasonography - process of recording an image of internal structures by using high frquency sound waves; also know as ultrasound
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Anti-
Antibiotic
- Against
- Example:
- Antibiotic - drug used to kill harmfull bacteria
- ** prefix and answer contain "i" **
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A-; an-
Aseptic; Anemia
- No; not; lack of
- Example:
- Aseptic - free from infectious material
- Anemia - lack of red blood cells (RBCs); lack of hemoglobin (Hgb)
- ** a- (roots that start with consonant) an- (roots that start with a vowel)**
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Contra-
Contralateral
- Against; opposite
- Example:
- Contralateral - pertaining to opposite side
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In-
Indigestible
- Not
- Example:
- Indigestible - not capable of being digested
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Bi-; di-
Bilateral; dissection
- Two
- Bilateral - pertaining to two sides
- Dissection - to cut into two pieces
- ** bicycle has two wheels**
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Hemi-; semi-
Hemigastroectomy; semicomatose
- Half
- Example:
- Hemigastroectomy - excision of half the stomach
- Semicomatose - state of unconsciousness from which the patient may be aroused
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Mono-; uni
Unilateral; monocyte
- One
- Example:
- Monocyte - blood cell with a single nucleus
- Unilateral - pertaining to one side
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Mutli-; poly
Multiform; polyadenoma
- Many
- Example:
- Multiform - having many shapes
- Polyadenoma - tumor of many glands
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Quadri-
Quadrilateral
- Four
- Example:
- Quadrilateral - pertaining to four sides
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Tri-
Tricuspid
- Three
- Example:
- Tricuspid - three cusps or projections
- Note: the tricuspids or molars are teeth with three projections for grinding and cutting food
- ** trio is a group of three
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Ana-
Anatomy
- Apart; up
- Example:
- Anatomy - the study of the structure of the body
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Auto-
Autopsy
- Self
- Example:
- Autopsy - internal and external examination of the body after death to determine the cause of death; also called necropsy or postmortem examination
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Brady-
Bradycardia
- Slow
- Example:
- Bradycardia - pertaining to a slow heartbeat
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Dys-
Dysplasia
- Bad; abnormal; difficult; painful
- Example:
- Dysplasia - abnormal development
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Macro-
Macrocephelia
- Large
- Example:
- Macrocephelia - excessively large head
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Mal-
Malaise
- Bad
- Example:
- Malaise - a feeling of uneasiness or discomfort; a sign of illness
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Micro-
Microscope
- Small
- Example:
- Mircoscope: instrument used to visually examine very small objects
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Neo-
Neoplasm
- New
- Example:
- Neoplasm - new formation of tissue such as an abnormal growth or tumor
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Pan-
Panhysterectomy
- All
- Example:
- Panhysterectomy - excision of the uterus
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Syn-; sym-
Synarthrotic; Symmetry
- Together; with; joined
- Example:
- synarthrotic - a typeno joint in which the bones are joined
- Symmetry - like parts on the opposite sides of the body are similar in form, size, and position
- ** syn- becomes syn- before M, B, & P
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Trachy-
Trachycardia
- Fast; rapid
- Example:
- Trachycardia - pertaining to fast heartbeat of over 100 beats per minute
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Tetra-
Tetraplegia
- Four
- Example:
- Tetraplegia - paralysis of all four limbs; also know as quadripelgia
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Opposites
Away from
Toward
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Opposites
Before (3)
After (1)
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