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1st law thermodynamics
energy is conserved. cannot be created nor destroyed
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2nd law of thermodynamics
for any spontaneous process, entropy of the universe increases
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3rd law of thermodynamics
entropy of a perfect crystal is 0 at absolute 0 temperature
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Hess' Law
when two or more chemical equations add up to a final equation, then the sum of their enthalpies equal the enthalpy of the final equation
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State function
independant of the path taken. Ex internal energy, enthalpy, entropy
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Force equals
pressure x area
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breaking bonds is... (endo or exo)
endo
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making bonds is (endo or exo)
exothermic
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allotropes
same element exxisting in 2 forms example carbon in graphite and diamonds
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le chatelier's principle
when a chemical process is at equilibrium and a stress is added, the reaction will shift to relieve the stress
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endothermic
heat is absorbed, postive delta h
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transition state
- @ max potential energy along the path from reactants to products
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propogation step
reactive intermediates react to give products and furnish new supplies of reactive intermediates
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elementary step
reaction which occurs in a single step ex 2H2 + O2 -> H20
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anode
site at which oxidation occurs in an electrochemical cell
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volts
potential difference, J/C
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watts
electrical power J/s
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amp
electrical current C/s
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Electrolytic cell
external energy source is used force the electrical current to flow in opposite direction of a spontaneous cell
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wave function
proportional to the probability of finding the particle at a particular point in space.
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pauli exclusion principle
no 2 electrons can have the same 4 quantum #s
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electronegativity
the ability of an atom to hold onto its elections. as you go up and to the right the electronegativity increases
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resonance hybrid
when more than oen lewis dot structure can be drawn simply by moving electrons
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paramagnetic
an atom or molecule containing at least one unpaired electron. it is attracted to a magnet
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