Exam 2

What are the ways that we define a species?

Lumpers tend to do what with Taxon of animals?

Splitters tend to do what with taxon of animals?

What are subspecies?

The general one age concept incorporates multiple criteria:

Arises from molecular action (genes and proteins)

The biological species concept is defined as?

Reproductive isolating mechanisms prevents interbreeding. What are these?

A seperation by geography. Can be a matter of physiological tolerance. Due to physiology ot timing of reproduction.

Another isolation du to behavior signaling breeding. Mating dances, songs, pheromones

Anatomican differences preventing mating. can be applied to plants too.

Gametes do not unite. Proteins on sperm and egg to not match.

Zygot made but then something goes wrong. egged do not develop past early embryonic stages. Hybrids are not successful.

Offsprings of hybrids have developmentmental abnormalities or are sterile. AKA advanced generation breakdown.

Pre-zygotic mechanisms summary:

A population diverges into two or more species.

Family tree of phylogenetic trees>

Gradually change from one to another. Kinda like a V in evolution

Branches like a tree, or like a family tree.

What are the types of speciation:

Type of speciation means the species separated while living within the same area

Tyoe of speciation mean the species separated while living in different areas

THis assumes the evolution was due to natural selection. Also is the same as cladogenesis.

Aympatric stuff is more due to?

This is from non-disjunction of chromosomes in cell division.

Mean a polyploid organism got at least on of its extra set of chromosomes from a parent of a different species.

Studying evolutionary relationshipd by looking at comparative development.

Genes control:

Changes in the timing or relative rates of development o different tissues within an organism that can be its offspring.

These are bacteria and Archaea

What did the prokaryotes used to be called?

What is the typical size of bacteria?

Have curcular chromosomes and introns are rare

What are some major differences between Bacteria and Archaea?

Archaea and bacteria have these in common.

These have cells walls of unquies compound. No true peptidoglycan, not all are extremeophiles.

This is the domain Bacteria.

What are the shapes of bacteria?

(a Phylum) Gram negative heterotrophs.

(a phylum) aerobic, photosynthetic, historically Calle blue-green algae. Chloroplast ancestor. Have intracellular membrane tubules caked thylakoids organized chlorophyll.

Used for orientation. mineral manetic enclosed membrane pouches.

Biofilms aloows for attachment and created and ecosystem. Protects the cell from emvironment.

Whata are the motility mechanisms of bacteria?

these help move bacteria by twitching or gliding across the surfaces. look like cilia

Tough protein coat created inside the cell protects DNA and key cell components. Unusal dormant

Bacterial cells divide by?

Bacteria that love light enery, inorganic carbon source

Bacteria that love heat and chemical energy inorganic carbon source

Bacteria that get ATP from light but dont fix CO2

bacteria that must get both energy and carbon source from existing organic molecules.

What does Aerobe mean?

What does anaerobe mean?

What does facultative mean?

What does Aerotolerant mean?

Means dead and gone

Means alive and well

This is describing, naming, and classification

THis is the study of evolutionary relationships in inform taxonomy

Taxonmomy hierarchy

THese are unique to prokaryotes:

Initiate translation w/ firmylmethione. Unique promoter. Ester-linked membrane lipids like eukaryotes

Use methionine and translation initiate like eukaryotes. Use TATA box and ether-linked membrane

Binomial Nomenclature

Means changes over time

Means the species has split

Means that some descendants arent included in the clade

Means the clade includes descendants from different ancestrial lines.

THis is the miscellaneous file for eukaryotes. most unicellular. Monopyletic (no common ancestor)

Groups that belong together and have a common ancestor.

Groups that donot belong together and no common ancestor.

Protists algae, protopyta, all produce O2 and are aerobes

Protists that are protozoa and protomycota. Animal or fungi like

Protists that do both photosynthesis and heterotrophy

Protists that can absorb very small food particles: digestion external.

Protists that are mircoscopic floating or swimming life. Bacteria protista and invertebrates are labeled this as weel

Mucilage-connected communities attached to underwater surfaces

Seaweeds - mostly multicellular

Thes use numerous tiny hairs, usually in rows or tufts.

These are protists whose cytoskeleton changes ce;; shape, creates a pseudopodia. Not a true ameba, slow.

These protista secrete slime. Poorly understood movement.

On protists: (stigma) light detecting molecules located in a swollen region at the base of a flagellum

On protists: Large mass extra copies of mDNA inside the mitochondrion.

In protists: compressed proteins that elongate into spear-shaped projectiles shot from cells as defense.

In protists: protectuve coats that allow dormacy during bad times.

Protists that have a self defence mechanism agrainst grazers

What are some spuergroups for protista?

Protist supergroup: Early bracnhc, feeding froove aids ingestion.

Protists supergroup: Have air sacks. Ciliates, gliding, dinoflagellates.

Protists supergroup: Leads to animals, fungi, and related protists.

heterokont are algae with chloroplasts surrounded by four membranes, which are counted from the outermost to the innermost membrane

Distinguishing traits of eukaryotic supergroups:

The taxon called Myocata

Characteristics of fungi.

Single cells. Maybe a life stage of dimorphic/biphasic fungi

Single flage;l;ated cells link fungi to opisthokona supergroup. grow in simple branched filaments

What is the anatatomy of fungi?

is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium

Mass of hyphae or a visable colony of fungi

Mycelium is commonly called?

Common names to fungi:

The kind of fungi that lives on the side of trees.

What do all molds have in common?

Current cliassification of Fungi is based on what?

How do fungi mate?

Fungi mating: Normal plasmogamy, delayed keryogamy is common, and result in heterokaryotic dikaryotic cells. AKA: cells fuse, some time can go and then the genes combine, and then two in one.

HYphae mating is followed by an aerial growth to support spore dispersal.

Produce ascospores in ascocarps. Spore pods and shafts

Produce basidiospores in basida. Spores on a stalk

No sexual spores known, form unusually large multi-uncleared spores

All groups of fungi form asexual sprees in?

The hyphae grow rapidly using what?

To help move around what does the Hyphae secrete?

When fungi feed on the dead tissues, we call them the same term we'd use for bacteria doing the same job in the ecosystem

When fungi feed and grow into living tissue and begin digestion we call them?

What do we call fungi that grows outside of cells

What doe we call fungi that grow inside of cells?

These fungi live inside the plant cells and were once thought to be parasitic because they feed on plant sugars, but plants with them do better

How do fungi defend themselves?

This is a partnership between fungi and Algae

95% of lichens arise from?

A single cell of fungi is called?

How can you tell between a prokay or Eukarya cell?

All lichens are actually a multipartner association, as non-photosynthetic bacteria (actinomycetes are also part of the microbiota, paying rent by?

THis gives off that earthy smell.

What are the most basic features hat plants share w/ green algae?

There are two types of molecular bodies for plants.

The Diploid individual

thehaploid individual

One Zygote doing meiosis = ?

Gametangia:

This encloses a single egg

This produces many sperm. can swim in algae, mosses and allies, ferns and allies.

Zygotes undergo development into embryo while still within parent tissue.

A Sporophyte enclosed and sheltered by maternal tissues. A critical innovation in plants

Outer cells have dense cell walls to protect spores. reduce desiccation, barrrier to microbes and UV block

Openings in the cuticle for gas exchange

Xyoglucans: Hemicelluloses, binds w/ cellulose, increases sturdiness.

Simplistic plants

they are very primitive conducting tissue, cell-to-cell. Considered non-vascular plants. No true roots, has rhizoids, no true leaves, has flattened single-cell layer, and no true stems.

Bryophyte 6k species, single-celled called shizoid, single thallus, proto-stomata = pore

Bryophyte 12k multi celled shizoid, port-leaf, "stem" may branch. Peat

100 species, look similar to liverworts, most have true stomata.

Allows for specialization into root vs leaves, by creating transportation systems for sharing resources.

Specialized vascular cells. conduct water and dissolved minerals. constructed w/liginin

Vascular plants =

Vascular =

Xylem =

Phloem =

Allows for specialization into root vs leaves, by creating transportation systems for sharing resources

12k species, roots, stems, and leaves, w/ branching vascularizatiun. (Euphyllophytes) (true Leaf Plants) modern are ferns but tree forms did exist.

Everplant other thean mosses and ferns are

Every seed plant protects its mega gametophyte in a

Plants protect its micro gametophyte witha

A plant ovule started a sporagium with a single megaspore. It develops into a small female gametophyte that produces an

Arises from micros press within sporangia. Make gametophyte is encapsulated for travel. The point of the pollen capsule is protected travel for the male gametophyte.

Pollen grain reaches egg containing structure. Male gametophyte extends a pollen tube to egg to achieve fertilization by sperm cell. (No more swimming)

What are the ecological values of seeds?

Naked Seeds. Female gametophyte tissues becomes food for seed. Seed not fully enclosed. Pollen enclosed sperm. Pines are the most common Began 250-65 mill years ago. Ended with a bang.

300 species, mostly tropical. Seeds lack dormancy. Fern-like leaves.use scent to attract beetles as pollinators to male and female cones. =pollination symbiosis.Pollen is carried by battle from male to female. Upon contact w/ ovule, fall lasted sperm exit the pollen grain and swim to egg. They are famous for having coralloid roots that harbor mutualists can nitrogen-fixing Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria also fix nitrogen.

1 species unique leaf. Slow maturing, very long-lived (>2000 yrs) very hardy. Equally mature after 25-30 years. Wind pollinated. Pollen produces a pollen tube that absorbs ovule tissue, production flagellated sperm after several months. Sperm finds egg -> seed forms.

500 species. Tracheid with torus "valve", resin ducts. There are a variety of strobili. Male and female cones; note positions. Wind pollinated. All strobili share basic features, likely due to convergent evolution. Wind borne pollen. Sperm lack flagella. Needle or scale like. Adapted to colder drier climates.

A very diverse group. 70 species. Bracts around ovules, vessel members.

Gymnosperms

Anthophyta or angiosperms. Flowers, endosperm, enclosed seed, vessels. Dominant in most terrestrial ecosystems during last 65 million years. Pistil aka carpel. Stigma style and ovary femal associated. What's the stamen: Anther and filament. Perinatal =sepals+petals (tepals) more modified leaves. Modification related to pollination strategy. wind dispersal on pollen - no tepals.

Animal pollinators

Seed dispersal

from a second sperm fertilizing a fused pair of gamete cells, resulting in a trip loid tissue. Aka double fertilization.

Secondary metabolites

Terpenes

Phenols

Alkaloids

An endophyte that protect plants form pathogens and take poart in photosynthesis. Association between fungal hyphae and plant root. Found in at least 80% of land plants. Enhances uptake of water and minerals by plant 10x -100x. Costs plant up to 20% of its photosynthetic output.