A northern blot is used to visualize ____, whereas a Southern blot is used for ____.
C. RNA; DNA
The electromobility shift assay (EMSA) is used to monitor molecular interactions between
A. DNA and protein
What occurs when an inducer is added to a medium containing an organism with a metabolic pathway controlled by an activator?
C. The inducer combines with the activator and activates it.
Two-hybrid analysis is used to
D. reveal protein-protein interactions
Phage display technology can be used to identify
A. optimal protein sequence that binds to a target molecule
The term ___ refers to the heat energy absorbed or released, whereas ____ is a measure of disorder or randomness.
B. enthalpy; entropy
Enzymes speed up reactions by
B. Lowering the activation energy
Which form of control is the least reversible and most drastic?
A. alterations of DNA sequence
If a gene is always expressed, it is:
E. constitutive
Attenuation is a common regulatory strategy used to control the transcription of operons that code for
B. amino acid biosynthesis
A quorum-sensing gene system requires the accumulation of a secreted small molecule called a(n):
D. autoinducer
The primer in DNA replication is ____ starter sequence with a free ____ group.
A. an RNA; 3' OH
Which metabolic pathway produces NADPH but NOT NADH?
C. Pentose-phosphate pathway
Fermentation can be defined as
D. partial breakdown of organic food without the use of an electron transport system
Reduction potential is defined as the tendency for a molecule to:
A. Accept electrons
The proton motive force drives which of the following processes in bacteria?
E. All of the above
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding the electron donors in prokaryotic metabolism?
E. All of the above are true
The laws of thermodynamics indicate that systems tend to become less ordered and that ____, a measure of disorder or randomness of the universe, always increases.
A. entropy
In most environments, the nutrient concentrations outside the cell are lower than inside the cell. How can a microbial cell obtain nutrients if the concentration gradient is NOT favorable?
A. through active, energy-dependent transport
Which of the following pathways is a route for CO2 fixation?
D. all of the above
Nitrogen fixation is found only in a few organisms and is tightly regulated because
D. nitrogen fixation is energy-intensive
Which of the following is the reducing cofactor typically used in biosynthesis?
C. NADPH
The level of nitrogen fixation is highest under which of the following conditions?
D. low levels of O2 and low levels of NH4+
Enzymes speed up reactions by
B. lowering the activation energy
Alkaline fermentations raise pH through the catabolism of
C. proteins
Which of the following organisms is used to transport genes into plant cells?
A. Agrobacterium
Production of traditionally fermented foods typically relies on ____ flora, whereas commerical fermentation generally relies on ____.
D. indigenous; starter cultures
Which of the following organisms is a source of "single-cell protein"?
C. Spirulina
The algal and fungal interactions with in a lichen is best described as
A. mutualism
Lakes that have low concentrations of organic nutrients are said to be
B. oligotrophic
Which of the following best describes methanotrophy?
B. CH4 is oxidized to CO2
Dead zones in the ocean are mainly due to a
D. high BOD that causes hypoxia
Nitrification is the process by which
A. NH4+ is oxidized to NO3-
Terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration include all of the following EXCEPT
B. hydrogen sulfide
The acquisition of energy by oxidation of inorganic electron donors is best defined as
