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weight is atomic isotopes
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borh postulate
postulated that the centripedal force acts on the e- as it revolves around the elements nucleus b/c of electrostatic force between pro and elec
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3 characters of e- E
- incr E of e- = dec negativity
- - means the e- in any of its quan states in the atom will have an attractive force toward the prot
- the - represents the distance between them until they have 0 which is no attractive force
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all elements that exist will exist in a ground state unless specified
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as e- go to a ground state, they emit a photon w/a WL characteristic of specific E transmission
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lyman series 90-125nm
H emission line correspond to transitions from E levels n>2 to n=1
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balmer series 400-675nm
- transitions from E levels n>3 to n=2
- 4x in visible region
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paschen series
- uv region
- n>4 to n=3
- shorter WL
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3 characters of absorption spectrum
- excited e- of a certain element resulting in E abs in a specific WL to go to higher E level
- must absorb right amt of E to do so
- inc E level to lower E level = same amnt of E emitted as it absorbed
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difference between bohr and quantum
- B-the elem follow a certain path and is always circling the nucleus
- Q-no clear and defined path for the e- to follow. There is no way to predict where the e- is
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e- in an atom can be described by 4 quantum #s n,l,ml,ms
position and E of e- from its quant #s=E state
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principal quantum
higher #n, higher E higher radius of e- shell
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principle quant # n,l,ml,ms
- n=principal quant
- azimuthal quant
- magnetic quant
- spin quant
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azimuthal quant #
l=shape and # of subshells
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azimuthal quant explained relations
- n value tells you # of possible sub
- only 1 sub (1=o) in the first principal E level,2 in 2nd principle E level (l=0,1), and 3 in the 3rd (l=0,1,2)
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AQ#: n (shell)=#
- l (subshell)=letter (s,p,d,f)
- l=0=s
- l=1=p
- l=2=d
- l=3=f
- ex: n=4 l=2 then its in the 4 shell and d subshell
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magnetic quant #
- specific orbital w/in a sub where e- most likely to be formed
- MQ ml values -1<>0<>1
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MQ ml values examples: P subshell = 3 orbitals l=1
- ml=-1,0,1 b/c there are three orbitals
- d sub 5 orbit l=2
- ml=-2,0,2
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spin quantum # 3 characters
- 2e- same spin same orbital 1/2 -1/2
- 2e- diff spin same orbitpaired
- same ms values in diff orbitals have // spins
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what are the valence e-s for G:IA/IIA,G:IIIA/VIIIA,transition W,lanthaid and actinide
- IA/IIA=highest s
- IIIA/VIIIA = highest s/p
- transition=highest s/d
- lathanide and actinide=highest s/f
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As e- go from a low to high E level (4)
- absorb light
- high potential
- excited
- distance from nuc
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valence e-
- e- that are furthest away from nuc & have strongest interactions w/ surrounding environments and weakest w/ nucldominate the chem behaviors of the atom
- determine chem reactants and prop
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quante
descrete bundles of matter that emit E as electromag radiation
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line spect
a spect that is composed of light and specific freq
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atomic emission spect
element w/ its own e- that becomes excited to a diff set of distinct E levels
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heisenberg uncertainty principle
it is impossible to detect with accuracy the momentum and position of an e-
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pauli exclusion principle
no 2 e- in an atom posses the same set of 4 quant #
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hunds rule
w/in a given sub, orb are filled such that are a max # of 1/2 filled orb w/ // spins
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pragmatic
materials composed of atms w/unpaired e- will always spin w/mag force and will be weakly attracted to mag forces
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diamagnetic
materials consisting of atoms that have paired e-s will be slightly repelled by mag force
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