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autobiographical memory
involves remembering info and events from our own life
- it is a form of episodic memory on speed
- tough to test--independent verification
- number of memories increase fastest during young adulthood--social interactions
tough to test because who will validate it?
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What did Casey et al say about autobiographical memory?
Events experienced between 10 and 30 years of age are reported more often than those occurring in middle adulthood; after that, they get lumped
generalization of events
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flashbulb memories
vivid memories of very personal or emotional events, but these are often inaccurate
details are off, but gist of story is accurate
highly emotional events tend to be remembered better
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Eyewitness testimony
in regards to flashbulb memory: very temperamental because you don't know how accurate it could be
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Additional memory processes
- source memory
- false memory
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source memory
the ability to remember where you got the memory (the source) and to determine if an event was imagined or actually experienced (taking medication)
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Older adults and source memory
older adults are less accurate at many source-memory tasks
The DRYAD model applies here--> older adults presumed to have less valid representations of events and objects
Overactive prefrontal cortex
struggle acccessing contextual details negatively impacts retrieval
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false memory
when one remembers items or events that did not occur
If we hear them enough, we start believing them
Older adults tend to be more susceptible to false memory issues than younger adults
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factors that preserve memory (cognitive reserve)
exercise
multilingualism and cognitive functioning
semantic memory in service of episodic memory
negative stereotypes and memory performance
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exercise
improves cognitive performance
enhances brain flexibility/ adaptability
intervention alternative for Alzheimer's, strokes, etc.
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multilingualism and cognitive functioning
older adults suggests that older adults who speak four or more languages had the best cognitive state independent of education
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semantic memory in service of episodic memory
older adults are better at memory of related as opposed to unrelated word pairs
the more associations, the stronger the performance
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negative stereotypes and memory performance
older adults do worse on memory tasks if they believe that age hampers memory ability
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aspects of memory self-evaluations
metamemory
memory monitoring
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metamemory
knowledge about how memory works and what we believe is true about it
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memory monitoring
awareness of what we are doing with our memory right now
aware of your deficits
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age differences in metamemory
older adults seem to know less about how memory works than younger adults
view memory as less stable
expect that memory will deteriorate
perceive they have less control over memory
the stronger you believe your memory is, the better off you'll be
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parallel distribution processing model--PCP
the more neurons communicate with each other, the gap between the two gets thicker and thicker, meaning you can readily recall the information
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negative stereotypes and memory performance
just the stereotypes can impact performance
elderly adults who feel their memory is going to decline perform worse than elderly adults who are confident in their abilities
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As you get older, you have __ about your memory because you don't know how memory works
more negative belief
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age differences in memory monitoring
the ability to monitor one's memory does not appear to decline with age
better monitors use effective strategies and apply to appropriate situations
good predictor of performance
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memory self-efficacy
belief that you can perform somethingthat you need to remember
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memory training skills
external aids: rely on environmental resources; notebooks, calendars, phones
internal aids: rely on mental processes; rote rehearsal, method of loci, mnemonics
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Explicit vs implicit
explicit: direct aids
implicit: indirect aids
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explicit-external
- easy to use, widely avaiable
- ex: phone, alarm clock, pillbox by day
anything you can put in your environment and you're doing it on purpose
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implicit-external
something changed in the environment and they don't know it was a memory aid
ex: color coded hallways
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Explicit-internal
i'm going to put my effort into solving a problem using your brain
ex: finding car in parking lot
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implicit-internal
- this is really with Alzheimer's patients
- based on space retrieval--gradually increase the time between retrieval attempts
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normal vs abnormal aging
distinguish by asking if changes disrupt a person's ability to function in everyday life
telling the difference isnt hard. You need physician evaluation
Prefrontal cortex, parietal and hippocampus are involved
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memory and nutrition
- poor diet can affect memory
- flavonoids reverse age related deficits (blueberries and green tea)
dietary iron and folic acid
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memory and physical and mental health
damage to the brain can cause issues
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